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1、SQL中的单记录函数1.ASCII返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数;SQL select ascii(A) A,ascii(a) a,ascii(0) zero,ascii( ) space from dual; A A ZERO SPACE- - - - 65 97 48 322.CHR给出整数,返回对应的字符;SQL select chr(54740) zhao,chr(65) chr65 from dual;ZH C- -赵 A3.CONCAT连接两个字符串;SQL select concat(010-,)|转23高乾竞电话 from dual;高乾竞电话-010-转234.INITCAP
2、返回字符串并将字符串的第一个字母变为大写;SQL select initcap(smith) upp from dual;UPP-Smith5.INSTR(C1,C2,I,J)在一个字符串中搜索指定的字符,返回发现指定的字符的位置;C1 被搜索的字符串C2 希望搜索的字符串I 搜索的开始位置,默认为1J 出现的位置,默认为1SQL select instr(oracle traning,ra,1,2) instring from dual;INSTRING- 96.LENGTH返回字符串的长度;SQL select name,length(name),addr,length(addr),sal
3、,length(to_char(sal) from gao.nchar_tst;NAME LENGTH(NAME) ADDR LENGTH(ADDR) SAL LENGTH(TO_CHAR(SAL)- - - - - -高乾竞 3 北京市海淀区 6 9999.99 77.LOWER返回字符串,并将所有的字符小写SQL select lower(AaBbCcDd)AaBbCcDd from dual;AABBCCDD-aabbccdd8.UPPER返回字符串,并将所有的字符大写SQL select upper(AaBbCcDd) upper from dual;UPPER-AABBCCDD9.R
4、PAD和LPAD(粘贴字符)RPAD在列的右边粘贴字符LPAD在列的左边粘贴字符SQL select lpad(rpad(gao,10,*),17,*)from dual;LPAD(RPAD(GAO,1-*gao*不够字符则用*来填满10.LTRIM和RTRIMLTRIM删除左边出现的字符串RTRIM删除右边出现的字符串SQL select ltrim(rtrim( gao qian jing , ), ) from dual;LTRIM(RTRIM(-gao qian jing11.SUBSTR(string,start,count)取子字符串,从start开始,取count个SQL sel
5、ect substr(,3,8) from dual;SUBSTR(-12.REPLACE(string,s1,s2)string 希望被替换的字符或变量 s1 被替换的字符串s2 要替换的字符串SQL select replace(he love you,he,i) from dual;REPLACE(H-i love you13.SOUNDEX返回一个与给定的字符串读音相同的字符串SQL create table table1(xm varchar(8);SQL insert into table1 values(weather);SQL insert into table1 values
6、(wether);SQL insert into table1 values(gao);SQL select xm from table1 where soundex(xm)=soundex(weather);XM-weatherwether14.TRIM(s from string)LEADING 剪掉前面的字符TRAILING剪掉后面的字符如果不指定,默认为空格符 15.ABS返回指定值的绝对值SQL select abs(100),abs(-100) from dual;ABS(100) ABS(-100)- - 100 10016.ACOS给出反余弦的值SQL select acos(
7、-1) from dual;ACOS(-1)-3.17.ASIN给出反正弦的值SQL select asin(0.5) from dual;ASIN(0.5)-.18.ATAN返回一个数字的反正切值SQL select atan(1) from dual;ATAN(1)-.19.CEIL返回大于或等于给出数字的最小整数SQL select ceil(3.) from dual;CEIL(3.)- 420.COS返回一个给定数字的余弦SQL select cos(-3.) from dual;COS(-3.)- -121.COSH返回一个数字反余弦值SQL select cosh(20) fro
8、m dual;COSH(20)-22.EXP返回一个数字e的n次方根SQL select exp(2),exp(1) from dual; EXP(2) EXP(1)- -7. 2.23.FLOOR对给定的数字取整数SQL select floor(2345.67) from dual;FLOOR(2345.67)- 234524.LN返回一个数字的对数值SQL select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.) from dual; LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.)- - - 0 . .25.LOG(n1,n2)返回一个以n1为底n2的对数 SQL select log(2,1),log
9、(2,4) from dual;LOG(2,1)LOG(2,4)- - 0 226.MOD(n1,n2)返回一个n1除以n2的余数SQL select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual;MOD(10,3)MOD(3,3)MOD(2,3)- - - 1 0 226.Sign(N)返回一个数的正负，正返回1零返回0负返回-127.POWER返回n1的n2次方根SQL select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual;POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3)- - 1024 2728.ROUND和TRUNC按照指定的精度进行
10、舍入SQL select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual;ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5)- - - - 56 -55 55 -5529.SIGN取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0SQL select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual;SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0)- - - 1 -1 030.SIN返回一个数字的正弦值SQL select sin(
11、1.57079) from dual;SIN(1.57079)- 131.SIGH返回双曲正弦的值SQL select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual;SIN(20)SINH(20)- -. 32.SQRT返回数字n的根SQL select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual;SQRT(64)SQRT(10)- - 8 3.33.TAN返回数字的正切值SQL select tan(20),tan(10) from dual;TAN(20) TAN(10)- -2. .34.TANH返回数字n的双曲正切值SQL select tanh(20),tan(2
12、0) from dual;TANH(20) TAN(20)- - 1 2.35.TRUNC按照指定的精度截取一个数SQL select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual; TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2)- - 100 124.1636.ADD_MONTHS增加或减去月份SQL select to_char(add_months(to_date(,yyyymm),2),yyyymm) from dual;TO_CHA-SQL select to_char(add_months(to_date(,yyy
13、ymm),-2),yyyymm) from dual;TO_CHA-37.LAST_DAY返回日期的最后一天SQL select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd),to_char(sysdate)+1,yyyy.mm.dd) from dual;TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR(S- -2004.05.09 2004.05.10SQL select last_day(sysdate) from dual;LAST_DAY(S-31-5月 -0438.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1)给出date2-date1的月份SQL select months
14、_between(19-12月-1999,19-3月-1999) mon_between from dual;MON_BETWEEN- 9SQLselectmonths_between(to_date(2000.05.20,yyyy.mm.dd),to_date(2005.05.20,yyyy.mm.dd) mon_betw from dual;MON_BETW- -6039.NEW_TIME(date,this,that)给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时间SQL select to_char(sysdate,yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) bj_time,to_ch
15、ar(new_time2(sysdate,PDT,GMT),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) los_angles from dual;BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES- -2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:3240.NEXT_DAY(date,day)给出日期date和星期x之后计算下一个星期的日期SQL select next_day(18-5月-2001,星期五) next_day from dual;NEXT_DAY-25-5月 -0141.SYSDATE用来得到系统的当前日期SQL select to_char(sysdate,
16、dd-mm-yyyy day) from dual;TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,-09-05-2004 星期日trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,如果fmt=mi表示保留分,截断秒SQL select to_char(trunc(sysdate,hh),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hh,2to_char(trunc(sysdate,mi),yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss) hhmm from dual;HH HHMM- -2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:0042.CHARTOROWID将字符数据类型
17、转换为ROWID类型SQL select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp;ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME- - -AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITHAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLENAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARDAAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset)将源字符
18、串 sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集SQL select convert(strutz,we8hp,f7dec) conversion from dual;conver-strutz44.HEXTORAW将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制45.RAWTOHEXT将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制46.ROWIDTOCHAR将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型47.TO_CHAR(date,format)SQL select to_char(sysdate,yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss) from dual;TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,YY-2004
19、/05/09 21:14:4148.TO_DATE(string,format)将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期49.TO_MULTI_BYTE将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符SQLselect to_multi_byte(高) from dual;TO-高50.TO_NUMBER将给出的字符转换为数字SQL select to_number(1999) year from dual; YEAR- 199951.BFILENAME(dir,file)指定一个外部二进制文件SQLinsert into file_tb1 values(bfilename(lob_dir1,image1
20、.gif);52.CONVERT(x,desc,source)将x字段或变量的源source转换为descSQL select sid,serial#,username,decode(command,20,none,32,insert,43,5select,66,update,77,delete,88,drop,9other) cmdfrom v$session where type!=background; SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD- - - - 1 1 none 2 1 none 3 1 none 4 1 none 5 1 none 6 1 none 7 1275
21、none 8 1275 none 9 20 GAO select 10 40 GAO none53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length)DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值SQL col global_name for a30SQL col dump_string for a50SQL set lin 200SQL select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name;GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING- -ORACLE.WORLD Typ=
22、1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB()这两个函数都是用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数55.GREATEST返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小.SQL select greatest(AA,AB,AC) from dual;GR-ACSQL select greatest(啊,安,天) from dual;GR-天56.LEAST返回一组表达式中的最小值 SQL select least(啊,安,天) from dual;LE-啊57.UID返回标识当前用户的唯一整数SQL s
23、how userUSER 为GAOSQL select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid;USERNAME USER_ID- -GAO 2558.USER返回当前用户的名字SQL select user fromdual;USER-GAO59.USEREVN返回当前用户环境的信息,opt可以是:ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZEISDBA查看当前用户是否是DBA如果是则返回trueSQL select userenv(isd
24、ba) from dual;USEREN-FALSESQL select userenv(isdba) from dual;USEREN-TRUESESSION返回会话标志SQL select userenv(sessionid) from dual;USERENV(SESSIONID)- 152ENTRYID返回会话人口标志SQL select userenv(entryid) from dual;USERENV(ENTRYID)- 0INSTANCE返回当前INSTANCE的标志SQL select userenv(instance) from dual;USERENV(INSTANCE)
25、- 1LANGUAGE返回当前环境变量SQL select userenv(language) from dual;USERENV(LANGUAGE)-SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBKLANG返回当前环境的语言的缩写SQL select userenv(lang) from dual;USERENV(LANG)-ZHSTERMINAL返回用户的终端或机器的标志SQL select userenv(terminal) from dual;USERENV(TERMINA-GAOVSIZE(X)返回X的大小(字节)数SQL select vsize(user),us
26、er from dual;VSIZE(USER) USER- - 6 SYSTEM60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL)all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值SQLWKS create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2);语句已处理。SQLWKSinsert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);SQLWKSinsert into table3 values(gao,1111.11);SQLWKSinsert into table3 values(zhu,5555.55);SQLWKS c
27、ommit;SQL select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3;AVG(DISTINCTSAL)- 3333.33SQL select avg(all sal) from gao.table3;AVG(ALLSAL)- 2592.5961.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL)求最大值,ALL表示对所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次SQL select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp;MAX(DISTINCTSAL)- 500062.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL)求最小值,ALL表示对
28、所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次SQL select min(all sal) from gao.table3;MIN(ALLSAL)- 1111.1163.STDDEV(distinct|all)求标准差,ALL表示对所有的值求标准差,DISTINCT表示只对不同的值求标准差SQL select stddev(sal) from scott.emp;STDDEV(SAL)-1182.5032SQL select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp;STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL)- 1229.95164.VAR
29、IANCE(DISTINCT|ALL)求协方差 SQL select variance(sal) from scott.emp;VARIANCE(SAL)- .965.GROUP BY主要用来对一组数进行统计SQL select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno; DEPTNOCOUNT(*)SUM(SAL)- - - 10 3 8750 20 5 10875 30 6 940066.HAVING对分组统计再加限制条件SQL select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp
30、 group by deptno having count(*)=5; DEPTNOCOUNT(*)SUM(SAL)- - - 20 5 10875 30 6 9400SQL select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)=5 group by deptno ; DEPTNOCOUNT(*)SUM(SAL)- - - 20 5 10875 30 6 940067.ORDER BY用于对查询到的结果进行排序输出SQL select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc; DEPTNO ENAME SAL- - - 10 KING 5000 10 CLARK 2450 10 MILLER 1300 20 SCOTT 3000 20 FORD 3000 20 JONES 2975 20 ADAMS 1100 20 SMITH 800 30 BLAKE 2850 30 ALLEN 1600 30 TURNER 1500 30 WARD 1250 30 MARTIN 1250 30 JAMES 950