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1、第二章种群生态学英第1页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三1 PopulationlPopulation：a group of organisms of the same species which occupies a given area at the same time.lBasic unit of communitylAdaptive unit of specieslBasic unit of species existencelSpecies:a group of organisms which are similar in modality,physiology and ecol
2、ogy,and can mate between each other.第2页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三PopulationlSize or boundary:arbitrary(depending on question under investigation).lUnitary or modular organismlRamat第3页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三lPopulation dynamics is the core of population ecologyl4 main characters of the population:quantitative(den
3、sity,reproduction rate,age structure,life table and survival curve)，spatial and genetic,systematic.2 Population dynamics第4页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population size(density)lThe number of individuals(unitary organisms)or ramets(modular organisms)present in a given area.lAbsolute density Total count method S
4、ampling method（quadrat method,mark-recapature method,removal sampling）lRelative density（zoo accounting,accounting of zoo trace,catch per unit effort）lUnitary density and ramat density第5页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population size(density)depends on:lNatalitylMortalitylImmigrationlEmigration第6页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星
5、期三Life table:the fate of a group of individuals born at Life table:the fate of a group of individuals born at approximately the same time from birth to the end of approximately the same time from birth to the end of the life cyclethe life cycleAgeDying individualsLiving individualsMortality rate0-0.
6、554100054.00.5-1145946153.01-21280115.02-31378916.53-41277615.54-53076439.35-64673462.66-74868869.97-869640108.08-9132571231.09-10187439426.010-11156252619.011-129096937.012-1336500.013-14331.000第7页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Svrvivorship curve(survival curves)lSurvivorship data showed by survivorship curve.l
7、Survivorship curve:a graph showing the proportion of survivors on a log scale through each phase age of life.lMortality curve第8页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Generalized survivorship curvesAgeSurvivorshipABCLarge mammalBirdFish第9页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Age structure and sex ratioPostreproductive stageReproductive st
8、agePre-reproductive stage Growing Stationary Declining第10页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population growthlPopulation size：natality,mortality,immigration,emigrationlRate of natural increase r：practical increase rate of the given population in nature.lr =natality-mortalitylIncrease rate r+net migration rate=natal
9、ity mortality+immigration rate emigration rate第11页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三linnate rate of increase(内禀增长率,rm)is the theoretical maximum that may be reached in a given environment if the population is not resource limited.It is also named:instantaneous rate of increase(瞬时增长率)，biotic potential(生物潜能),reproduc
10、tive potential(生殖潜能).lrm:constant,genetically decided.louse:40.6/y，house mouse:5.4/y第12页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Breeding potentiallMaximum natalitylEcological natalitylMinimum mortalitylEcological mortality第13页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population increase modellNo resource-limited growth(density-independent popul
11、ation growth）J shaped growth lResource-limited growth（density-dependent population increase S shaped growth第14页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三No-overlapping generationlPopulation growth model:Nt+1=Nt Nt=N0 tN:population sizeT:time:finite rate of increase er第15页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Relationship between r and populat
12、ion dynamics(no-overlapping generation)valuer valuePopulation size1r0increase=1r=0constant01r0decline=0r=-Extinct er第16页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Overlapping generationlDifferential equation:rate of change of population size at time t=NrdN/dt=rNlIntegralNt=N0ertr=log(average number of offspring per individu
13、al)/generation time=lnR0/T第17页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population growth in limited resources（Density-dependent growth）lPremise：l A:Environmental carrying capacity K Nt=K,dN/dt=0 B:The decline in r is proportional to the increase of density.lS-shaped curveldN/dt=rN dN/dt=rN(1N/K)第18页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Logis
14、tic equation(逻辑斯谛方程)Nt=K 1ear t第19页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population size/densityEnvironmental resistance=1-N/KKJ shaped curveJ shaped curveS-shaped curve(K:environmental carrying capacity)(K:environmental carrying capacity)TimeNt=N0ertNt=K/(1+ea-rt)第20页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三lCurve can be divided into:lLaten
15、t periodlAccelerating periodlTransition periodlDeclining period lSaturating period第21页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Significance of Logistic equationdN/dtNMSYK/2第22页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Significance of Logistic equationlSimple,practicallBasic model of population growth;lHelp to ascertain maximum sustainable yield;lr and K are important concepts in countermeasure of evolutionism.第23页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Population fluctuations,cycles and chaoslQuantitative characters:equilibrium,fluctuation第24页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三Spatial distribution patternlUniform pattern(s2m)lm=(i)/N;s2=(i m)2/(N 1)第25页，共25页，编辑于2022年，星期三