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1、【原著阅读】孙子兵法 The Art Of War （中英文对照）Chapter 1 Laying Plans1. Sun Tzu said: The art of war is of vital importance to the State.2. It is a matter of life and death, a road either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected.3. The art of war, then, is govern
2、ed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field.4. These are: (1) The Moral Law; (2) Heaven; (3) Earth; (4) The Commander; (5) Method and discipline.5,6. The Moral Law causes the people to be in complet
3、e accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger.7. Heaven signifies night and day, cold and heat,times and seasons.8. Earth comprises distances, great and small;danger and security; open ground and narrow passes;the chances of life and deat
4、h.9. The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom,sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness.10. By method and discipline are to be understood the marshaling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the graduations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads by which supplies may reach
5、 the army, and the control of military expenditure.11. These five heads should be familiar to every general:he who knows them will be victorious; he who knows them not will fail.12. Therefore, in your deliberations, when seekingto determine the military conditions, let them be made the basis of a co
6、mparison, in this wise:-13. (1) Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the Moral law?(2) Which of the two generals has most ability?(3) With whom lie the advantages derived from Heaven and Earth?(4) On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced?(5) Which army is stronger?(6) On which side
7、 are officers and men more highly trained?(7) In which army is there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment?14. By means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.15. The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it, will conquer: let such a one be retained
8、in command! The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts upon it,will suffer defeat:-let such a one be dismissed!16. While heading the profit of my counsel,avail yourself also of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.17. According as circumstances are favorable,one sho
9、uld modify one's plans.18. All warfare is based on deception.19. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable;when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away;when far away, we must make him believe we are near.20. Hold out baits t
10、o entice the enemy. Feign disorder,and crush him.21. If he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.If he is in superior strength, evade him.22. If your opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend to be weak, that he may grow arrogant.23. If he is taking his ease, give him no r
11、est.If his forces are united, separate them.24. Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.25. These military devices, leading to victory,must not be divulged beforehand.26. Now the general who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple ere the battle is fought.The
12、 general who loses a battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat:how much more no calculation at all! It is by attention to this point that I can foresee who is likely to win or lose. 原文： 【始计第一】 1.孙子曰： 兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察
13、也。 2.故经之以五事，校之以七计，而索其情。 3、一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民于上同意，可与之死，可与之生，而不畏危也。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，高下，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。 4.故校之以七计，而索其情。曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。 5.将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。 6、兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远
14、而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。 7.夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。 译文：【始计第一】 1.孙子说：战争是一个国家的头等大事，关系到军民的生死，国家的存亡，是不能不慎重周密地观察、分析、研究。 2.因此，必须通过敌我双方五个方面的分析，七种情况的比较，得到详情，来预测战争胜负的可能性。 3. 一是道，二是天，三是地，四是将，五是法。道，指君主和民众目标相同，意志统一，可以同生共死，而不会惧怕危险。天，指昼夜、阴晴
15、、寒暑、四季更替。地，指地势的高低，路程的远近，地势的险要、平坦与否，战场的广阔、狭窄，是生地还是死地等地理条件。将，指将领足智多谋，赏罚有信，对部下真心关爱，勇敢果断，军纪严明。法，指组织结构，责权划分，人员编制，管理制度，资源保障，物资调配。对这五个方面，将领都不能不做深刻了解。了解就能胜利，否则就不能胜利。 4.所以，要通过对双方各种情况的考察分析，并据此加以比较，从而来预测战争胜负。哪一方的君主是有道明君，能得民心？哪一方的将领更有能力？哪一方占有天时地利？哪一方的法规、法令更能严格执行？哪一方资源更充足，装备更精良，兵员更广大？哪一方的士兵训练更有素，更有战斗力？哪一方的赏罚更公正严
16、明？通过这些比较，我就知道了胜负。 5. 将领听从我的计策，任用他必胜，我就留下他；将领不听从我的计策，任用他必败，我就辞退他。听从了有利于克敌制胜的计策，还要创造一种势态，作为协助我方军事行动的外部条件。势，就是按照我方建立优势、掌握战争主动权的需要，根据具体情况采取不同的相应措施。 6.用兵作战，就是诡诈。因此，有能力而装做没有能力，实际上要攻打而装做不攻打，欲攻打近处却装做攻打远处，攻打远处却装做攻打近处。对方贪利就用利益诱惑他，对方混乱就趁机攻取他，对方强大就要防备他，对方暴躁易怒就可以撩拨他怒而失去理智，对方自卑而谨慎就使他骄傲自大，对方体力充沛就使其劳累，对方内部亲密团结就挑拨离间
17、，要攻打对方没有防备的地方，在对方没有料到的时机发动进攻。这些都是军事家克敌制胜的诀窍，不可先传泄于人也。 7.在未战之前，经过周密的分析、比较、谋划，如果结论是我方占据的有利条件多，有八、九成的胜利把握；或者如果结论是我方占据的有利条件少，只有六、七成的胜利把握，则只有前一种情况在实战时才可能取胜。如果在战前干脆就不做周密的分析、比较，或分析、比较的结论是我方只有五成以下的胜利把握，那在实战中就不可能获胜。仅根据庙算的结果，不用实战，胜负就显而易见了。Chapter Waging War1. Sun Tzu said: In the operations of war,where there
18、 are in the field a thousand swift chariots,as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers, with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the expenditure at home and at the front,including entertainment of guests, small items such as glue and paint, and sums spent on chariot
19、s and armor,will reach the total of a thousand ounces of silver per day.Such is the cost of raising an army of 100,000 men.2. When you engage in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, then men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped. If you lay siege to a town,you will ex
20、haust your strength.3. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources of the State will not be equal to the strain.4. Now, when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped,your strength exhausted and your treasure spent,other chieftains will spring up to take advantage of your extremity. Then no
21、 man, however wise,will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue.5. Thus, though we have heard of stupid haste in war,cleverness has never been seen associated with long delays.6. There is no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.7. It is only one who is thoroughly a
22、cquainted with the evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.8. The skillful soldier does not raise a second levy,neither are his supply-wagons loaded more than twice.9. Bring war material with you from home, but forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have foo
23、d enough for its needs.10. Poverty of the State exchequer causes an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance. Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the people to be impoverished.11. On the other hand, the proximity of an army causes prices to go up; and high prices caus
24、e the people's substance to be drained away.12. When their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted by heavy exactions.13,14. With this loss of substance and exhaustion of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,and three-tenths of their income will be dissipate
25、d;while government expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses,breast-plates and helmets, bows and arrows, spears and shields,protective mantles, draught-oxen and heavy wagons,will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.15. Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy. One cartl
26、oad of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single picul of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.16. Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must be roused to anger; that there may be advantage from defeating the enemy, they mu
27、st have their rewards.17. Therefore in chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken, those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own flags should be substituted for those of the enemy,and the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours.The captured soldiers should be kindl
28、y treated and kept.18. This is called, using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength.19. In war, then, let your great object be victory,not lengthy campaigns.20. Thus it may be known that the leader of armies is the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom it depends whether the
29、 nation shall be in peace or in peril. 原文： 【作战第二】 .孙子曰： 凡用兵之法，驰车千驷，革车千乘，带甲十万，千里馈粮，则内外之费，宾客之用，胶漆之材，车甲之奉，日费千金，然后十万之师举矣。 2.其用战也胜，久则钝兵挫锐，攻城则力屈，久暴师则国用不足。夫钝兵挫锐，屈力殚货，则诸侯乘其弊而起，虽有智者不能善其后矣。故兵闻拙速，未睹巧之久也。夫兵久而国利者，未之有也。故不尽知用兵之害者，则不能尽知用兵之利也。 3. 善用兵者，役不再籍，粮不三载，取用于国，因粮于敌，故军食可足也。国之贫于师者远输，远输则百姓贫；近师者贵卖，贵卖则百姓财竭，财竭则急于丘役。
30、力屈财殚，中原内虚于家，百姓之费，十去其七；公家之费，破军罢马，甲胄矢弓，戟盾矛橹，丘牛大车，十去其六。 4. 故智将务食于敌，食敌一钟，当吾二十钟；忌杆一石，当吾二十石。 5.故杀敌者，怒也；取敌之利者，货也。车战得车十乘以上，赏其先得者，而更其旌旗。车杂而乘之，卒善而养之，是谓胜敌而益强。 6.故兵贵胜，不贵久。 故知兵之将，民之司命。国家安危之主也。 译文：【作战第二】 1.孙子说：要兴兵作战，需做的物资准备有，轻车千辆，重车千辆，全副武装的士兵十万，并向千里之外运送粮食。那么前后方的军内外开支，招待使节、策士的用度，用于武器维修的胶漆等材料费用，保养战车、甲胄的支出等，每天要消耗千金。
31、按照这样的标准准备之后，十万大军才可出发上战场。 2.因此，军队作战就要求速胜，如果拖的很久则军队必然疲惫，挫失锐气。一旦攻城，则兵力将耗尽，长期在外作战还必然导致国家财用不足。如果军队因久战疲惫不堪，锐气受挫，军事实力耗尽，国内物资枯竭，其他诸侯必定趁火打劫。这样，即使足智多谋之士也无良策来挽救危亡了。所以，在实际作战中，只听说将领缺少高招难以速胜，却没有见过指挥高明巧于持久作战的。战争旷日持久而有利于国家的事，从来没有过。所以，不能详尽地了解用兵的害处，就不能全面地了解用兵的益处。 3.善于用兵的人，不用再次征集兵员，不用多次运送军粮。武器装备由国内供应，从敌人那里设法夺取粮食，这样军队的
32、粮草就可以充足了。国家之所以因作战而贫困，是由于军队远征，不得不进行长途运输。长途运输必然导致百姓贫穷。驻军附近处物价必然飞涨，物价飞涨，必然导致物资枯竭，物财枯竭，赋税和劳役必然加重。在战场上，军力耗尽，在国内财源枯竭，百姓私家财产损耗十分之七。公家的财产，由于车辆破损，马匹疲惫，盔甲、弓箭、矛戟、盾牌、牛车的损失，而耗去十分之六。 4.所以明智的将军，一定要在敌国解决粮草，从敌国搞到一钟的粮食，就相当于从本国启运时的二十钟，在当地取得饲料一石，相当于从本国启运时的二十石。 5.所以，要使士兵拼死杀敌，就必须怒之，激励之。要使士兵勇于夺取敌方的军需物资，就必须以缴获的财物作奖赏。所以，在车战
33、中，抢夺十辆车以上的，就奖赏最先抢得战车的。而夺得的战车，要立即换上我方的旗帜，把抢得的战车编入我方车队。要善待俘虏，使他们有归顺之心。这就是战胜敌人而使自己越发强大的方法。 6.所以，作战最重要、最有利的是速胜，最不宜的是旷日持久。真正懂得用兵之道、深知用兵利害的将帅，掌握着民众的的生死，主宰着国家的安危。Chapter 3 Attack By Stratagem1. Sun Tzu said: In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy's country whole and int
34、act;to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is better to recapture an army entire than to destroy it,to capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than to destroy them.2. Hence to fight and conquer in all your battles is not supreme excellence; supreme excellence consists in
35、breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting.3. Thus the highest form of generalship is to balk the enemy's plans; the next best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces; the next in order is to attack the enemy's army in the field;and the worst policy of all is to besieg
36、e walled cities.4. The rule is, not to besiege walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation of mantlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war, will take up three whole months; and the piling up of mounds overagainst the walls will take three months more.5. The general, una
37、ble to control his irritation,will launch his men to the assault like swarming ants,with the result that one-third of his men are slain,while the town still remains untaken. Such are the disastrouseffects of a siege.6. Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting
38、; he captures their cities without laying siege to them; he overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field.7. With his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the Empire, and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete. This is the method of attacking by stratagem
39、.8. It is the rule in war, if our forces are ten to the enemy's one, to surround him; if five to one,to attack him; if twice as numerous, to divide our army into two.9. If equally matched, we can offer battle;if slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy;if quite unequal in every way,
40、we can flee from him.10. Hence, though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force, in the end it must be captured by the larger force.11. Now the general is the bulwark of the State;if the bulwark is complete at all points; the State will be strong; if the bulwark is defective, the State will b
41、e weak.12. There are three ways in which a ruler can bring misfortune upon his army:-13. (1) By commanding the army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the fact that it cannot obey.This is called hobbling the army.14. (2) By attempting to govern an army in the same way as he administers a ki
42、ngdom, being ignorant of the conditions which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the soldier's minds.15. (3) By employing the officers of his army without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation to circumstances.This shakes the confidence of the sold
43、iers.16. But when the army is restless and distrustful,trouble is sure to come from the other feudal princes.This is simply bringing anarchy into the army, and flingingvictory away.17. Thus we may know that there are five essentials for victory:(1) He will win who knows when to fight and when not to
44、 fight.(2) He will win who knows how to handle both superior and inferior forces.(3) He will win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout all its ranks.(4) He will win who, prepared himself, waits to take the enemy unprepared.(5) He will win who has military capacity and is not interfere
45、d with by the sovereign.18. Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in ever
46、y battle. 原文： 【谋攻第三】 1.孙子曰： 夫用兵之法，全国为上，破国次之；全军为上，破军次之；全旅为上，破旅次之；全卒为上，破卒次之；全伍为上，破伍次之。 是故百战百胜，非善之善也；不战而屈人之兵，善之善者也。 2.故上兵伐谋，其次伐交，其次伐兵，其下攻城。攻城之法，为不得已。修橹贲温，具器械，三月而后成；距堙，又三月而后已。将不胜其忿而蚁附之，杀士卒三分之一，而城不拔者，此攻之灾也。故善用兵者，屈人之兵而非战也，拔人之城而非攻也，毁人之国而非久也，必以全争于天下，故兵不顿而利可全，此谋攻之法也。 3.故用兵之法，十则围之，五则攻之，倍则战之，敌则能分之，少则能逃之，不若则能避之
47、。故小敌之坚，大敌之擒也。 4.夫将者，国之辅也。辅周则国必强，辅隙则国必弱。故君之所以患于军者三：不知军之不可以进而谓之进，不知军之不可以退而谓之退，是谓縻军；不知三军之事而同三军之政，则军士惑矣；不知三军之权而同三军之任，则军士疑矣。三军既惑且疑，则诸侯之难至矣。是谓乱军引胜。 5.故知胜有五：知可以战与不可以战者胜，识众寡之用者胜，上下同欲者胜，以虞待不虞者胜，将能而君不御者胜。此五者，知胜之道也。 6.故曰：知彼知己，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必败。 译文：【谋攻第三】 1.孙子说：战争的原则是：使敌人举国降服是上策，用武力击破敌国就次一等；使敌人全军降服是上
48、策，击败敌军就次一等； 使敌人全旅降服是上策，击破敌旅就次一等；使敌人全卒降服是上策，击破敌卒就次一等；使敌人全伍降服是上策，击破敌伍就次一等。所以，百战百胜，算不上是最高明的；不通过交战就降服全体敌人，才是最高明的。 2.所以，上等的军事行动是用谋略挫败敌方的战略意图或战争行为，其次就是用外交战胜敌人，再次是用武力击败敌军，最下之策是攻打敌人的城池。攻城，是不得已而为之，是没有办法的办法。制造大盾牌和四轮车，准备攻城的所有器具，起码得三个月。堆筑攻城的土山，起码又得三个月。如果将领难以拟制焦躁情绪，命令士兵象蚂蚁一样爬墙攻城， 尽管士兵死伤三分之一，而城池却依然没有攻下，这就是攻城带来的灾难。所以善用兵者，不通过打仗就使敌人屈服，不通过攻城就使敌城投降，摧毁敌国不需长期作战，一定要用“全胜”的策略争胜于天下，从而既不使国力兵力受挫，又获得了全面胜利的利益。这就是谋攻的方法。 3.所以，在实际作战中运