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1、第五章动词不定式（二） 一、动词不定式的几种常见结构 A不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“for +名词（代词）+不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。This box is too heavy for the little boy to carry.这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。That's for you to decide.那个由你来决定。He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一边让我通过。I have
2、some books for you to read.我有几本书送给你读。Bbe +不定式结构“be +不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示The room is to be locked.这房间要上锁。You are not to stand here.你不能站在这里。2表示计划或安排We are to begin the work next month.我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。What's to be done next 下一步该怎么办？ C疑问词+不定式结构疑问词 who, what, which, when, where, how, w
3、hy 后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。I don't know whether to go to the meeting or not.我不知道要不要去开会。The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown by the passengers.问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet.何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。 Dwithwithout +名词+不定式结构“withwithout +名词+不定式”结构
4、在句子中通常起状语的作用。With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you.有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。With him to stay in the house, I feel quite safe.有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。Without anything to eat, he died of hunger.由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。 E. It is +形容词+ forof sb + to do 结构在“It is +形容词+ of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物
5、的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty 等。在“It is +形容词+for sb +不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如 important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable 等。It's kind of you to think s
6、o much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.)How careless it is of him to break such a valuable vase!他真不小心，把如此贵重的花瓶打破了。It is easy for me to see through his trick.我很容易看穿他的鬼把戏。(=For me to see through his trick is easy.)It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits.他很难改掉自己的坏习惯。比较：
7、It is good lf you to help me with my English.你真好，帮助我学英语。（强调you 的特征You are good to help me.）It is good for you to give up smoking.戒烟对你有好处。（强调的是 give up smoking 这一行为Fof you to give up smoking is good.） F. 分裂不定式 动词不定式 to do 通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号 to 和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。He was too ill to completely carry
8、 out that program.他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。He has made up his mind to once more try this method.他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。 G. 用作独立成分的不定式有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest.说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。To be frank, I don't agree with what you said.坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。 必背：用作独立
9、成分的不定式 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to be frank坦率地说 to begin with 首先 to be brief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be exact 精确地说 to say nothing of 姑且不说 to conclude 总而言之 to be sure 诚然，固然 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 so to speak 可以这么说 H用主动式表示被动含义的不定式 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情 况： 1不定式做后置定语，和被修
10、饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 Do you have anything to say on this question 针对这个问题你有什么要说的吗？ He is a pleasant person to work with.他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。 2不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 The book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。 The chair is comfortable to sit on.这把椅子坐起来很舒服。 3There be 结构中，当说话人考虑必须
11、有人去完成某件事时。 There is nothing to worry about.没什么可担心的。 There is nothing to fear.没有什么可害怕的。 比较： There is a lot of work to do.有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作） There is a lot of work to be done.有许多事情要做。（强调有许多事情必须做） She has two letters to type.她有两封信要打。（自己打） She has two letters to be typed.她有两封信要打。（别人打） I表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式。
12、I hoped to have met him at the railway station, but he didn't turn up.我本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。 We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out.我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。 The plane was to have taken off at 9, but something went wrong.飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。 J用于感叹句。 不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或
13、赞美等感情色彩。 To think that he should do this!想想，他竟然干出这等事！（表示惊讶） Oh, God, to see her dance !哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！（表示赞美） To think that all the money has been wasted.想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！（表示不满）一、关于不定式符号的几个问题 A. 不带 to 的不定式1. 在口语中，动词原形 come 和 go 后可接不带 to 的不定式。Go tell her.去告诉她吧。Come have a glass.来喝一杯。2. 在 why 引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟
14、动词原形或 not+动词原形。Why make so much noise为什么发出这么大的噪音？Why not join us为什么不加入我们？ 3. 在 had better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, wouldsooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but 等结构后直接跟动词原形或 not +动词原形。You'd better listen to your teacher's opinion.你最好听一听老师的意
15、见。We had best call for the doctor at once.我们最好马上就请医生来。She can't do anything but ask silly questions.她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle.他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。He cannot but move to another street, because his building has to be pulled down soon.他不得不搬到另一条
16、街上去，因为他住的大楼很快就要被推倒。We cannot help but admire his courage.我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。 4. 如不定式前有行为动词 do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词 except 或but 之后的不定式可不带 to。The only thing I could do was go home.我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come.他们只能等待医生的到来。 5. 在两个动词不定式并列使用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号 to 可省略。The little
17、girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m.你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？ 6. 在 help 之后，既可用带 to 的不定式也可用不带 to 的不定式。Can I help (to) carry the box for you 我帮你搬箱子，好吗？ 7. 在一些固定搭配中用不带 to 的不定式。He let go the rope.他松开了绳子。I hear say
18、there will be an earthquake soon.我听说不久就要有一次地震。She made believe she was innocent.她假装清白。 8. 在感官动词 see, hear, watch, feel, notice 以及使役动词 make, let, have 等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带 to。She watched the children cross the street.她看着孩子们穿过了马路。They made the boy apologize to his friend for being so rude.他们让那男孩因他的粗鲁而向他的朋
19、友道歉。Don't forget to have him come earlier.别忘了让他早点儿来。 B. 不定式符号的单独使用为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号 to 来代替上文中出现过的不定式结构。1. 在助动词或情态动词之后，如 be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to 等。She must go but you don't have to.她必须走，但你没有必要。-Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor你认为我应该去看
20、医生吗？-Yes, I think you ought to.是的，我想你应该去。2. 在 want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try 等动词之后。You may go with them if you hope to.如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。-Did you go to see the Great Wall你游览长城了吗？-I wanted to, but I was too busy.我本来想去的，但我太忙了。3. 在做宾语补足语的 ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, war
21、n, wish, permit, allow, forbid 等动词之后。Don't do anything unless your father tells you to.除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。-May I use your car我可以用你的汽车吗？-No, I forbid you to.不，我禁止你使用。4. 在对话的答语中的 happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。-Will you lend me a hand你能帮我一个忙吗？-I'm willing t
22、o, but I can't now.我很愿意，但现在不行。-Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？-I'll be glad to.我很乐意。提示：如果动词不定式是 to be 或 to have，则一般不省。- Did you finish the work 你的工作完成了吗？- No, but I hoped to have.没有，但我希望已经完成了。 C. 介词 to 和不定式符号 toto 既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to 也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing 形
23、式。英语中有很多常用短语带有 to，我们要正确判断 to 是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。 1. 不定式符号 toHe made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning.他坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match.这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。必背：常见的带不定式符号 to 的短语 be supposed to do 应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to
24、 do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 make up one's mind to do 决定做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事 2介词 to If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear.如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。 Y
25、ou must get used to getting up early.你必须习惯早起。 Isn't it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？ 必背：常见的带介词 to 的短语 be used to 习惯 be equal to 胜任 be given to 沉溺于 be opposed to 反对 be related to 与有关 devote oneself to 献身于 get down to 着手做 give rise to 引起 lead to 导致 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 pay attention to 注意 put one's mind to 全神贯注于 stick to 坚持