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1、复 合 句概念：复合句又称主从复合句，由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成，主句为句子的主体，从句不能独立，只能做句子的一个成分。 从句担任什么句子成分，这个从句就叫该成分的从句。根据从句在句中的作用，可分为名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。一、名词性从句名词性从句相当于名词，可作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句四种。 (从属连词：用来连接主句和从句的连词称为从属连词)从 属 连接词：that/whether/if 不充当从句的任何成分连 词 连接代词：who/whom/whose、what、which当主/宾/表/定语(标签) 连接副词：
2、when/where/how/why 充当从句的状语l 主语从句1. 由连接词引导eg: That the earth turns around the sun is known to all. Whether he will come or not is not yet known.2. 由连接代词引导eg: Who will go is not important. What we need is more practice.3. 由连接副词引导eg: Where the meeting will be held hasnt been decided. When he will retur
3、n is an important question.4. 另外也可以用it作形式主语，主语从句作真正主语放句子后面eg: Its a pity that she has made such a foolish mistake. Its reported that three people were killed in the traffic accident. It doesnt matter whether he will come or not.l 表语从句1. 由连接词引导eg: The question is whether we should ask them for help.2
4、. 由连接代词引导eg: China is not what it used to be.3. 由连接副词引导eg: That is why he didnt pass the exam.4. 表语从句还可以由as if /as though/ as/because来引导eg: It looks as if it were going to rain. Things are not always as they seem to be. Its because you eat too much.l 宾语从句宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词、介词、形容词的宾语。I think that watchin
5、g TV too much is bad for peoples health.I wonder if you can do me a favour.I wonder why he refused my invitation.He asked me whose handwriting is the best in the class.I dont know which school he is in.The teacher is pleased with what he has said.I always think of how I can improve my English.Im afr
6、aid that I cant accept your invitation.We are glad that our football team has won the match.另外也可以用it作形式宾语，宾语从句作真正宾语放句子后面 eg: I find it necessary that we should ask him for advice.l 同位语从句 同位语从句一般放在某些抽象名词如：fact/ news/ idea/ thought/ advice/ suggestion/ truth/ hope/ problem/ question/ information/ orde
7、r/ belief/ doubt/ fear等的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。eg: The news that he has been elected president of the United States is true. I have no idea when he will be back.l 名词性从句需注意的几个问题1. 名词性从句用陈述语气eg: I dont know where he has gone.2. 名词性从句中的宾语从句其引导词that可以省略eg: I think (that) watching TV too much is bad for peoples h
8、ealth.3. 名词性从句中的宾语从句为介宾时，不用which引导， 而用what 引 导而用what 引导。eg: Are you sorry for what you have done?4. 用whether而不用if表“是否”的情况 用来引导主语从句放句首eg: Whether we shall attend the meeting hasnt decided yet. 用来引导表语从句和同位从句eg: The question is whether the film is worth seeing.eg: The news whether our team has won the
9、match is unknown. 作介词宾语，介词有时可以省略eg: It all depends (on) whether they will support us. 后面直接跟不定式时eg: He doesnt know whether to stay or not. 后面跟or noteg: We didnt know whether she was ready or not.二、 定语从句定语从句起定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词，被修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。 从属 关系代词：who/whom/whose/which/that/as当主/宾/定语连词 关系副词：wh en/where
10、/why 充当从句的状语1、 先行词为人时，从属连词在句中作主语：who/that作宾语：whom/that/who(可省略)eg: This is the man who/that helped me. The doctor (whom/that) you are looking for is in the room.2、 先行词为物时，从属连词在句中作主语：which/that作宾语：which/that(可省略)eg: The building which/that stands near the river is our school. This is the book (which/
11、that) you need.3、 先行词为时间时，从属连词在句中作状语：when作宾语：which/that(可省略)eg: I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu. I will never forget the day (which/that) we spent together.4、 先行词为地点时，从属连词在句中作状语：where作宾语：which/that(可省略)eg: This is the factory where my father once worked. This is the factory (which/tha
12、t) we visited last week.5、 先行词为原因时，从属连词在句中作状语：why作宾语：which/that(可省略)eg: I dont know the reason why you were absent from the meeting, but Im sure that someone will tell me the reason (which/that) you havent told me.6、 从属连词whose，其先行词既可为人也可为物，在从句中作定语eg: This is the scientist whose name is known all ove
13、r the country. Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.7、 关系代词选用that而不用which或who的情况 先行词既有人又有物eg: They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 当主句以which或who开头时，定语从句用that引导以避免重复 eg: Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the boy that was here just now. 先行词是不定代词all/few
14、/little/much/something/anything/nothing等 eg: All that we have to do is to practise more. 先行词被all/ any some/few/little/every/no等修饰时eg: I have read all the books that you gave me. 先行词被the only/the very/the same/the last/just等修饰时 eg: He is the only person that I want to talk to. 先行词是系数词或形容词最高级或者被它们修饰时
15、eg: The train is the last that will go to Suzhou. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 eg: Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.8、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句是有含义区别的eg: She has two sons who are PLA man. 限制性定语从句 她有两个当解放军的儿子。(她可能还有其它的儿子但不当解放军) She has two sons, who
16、are PLA man. 非限制性定语从句 她有两个儿子，他们都是解放军。(她有且只有两个儿子) 非限制性定语从句与主句之间一般用逗号隔开，而限制性定语从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。 非限制性定语从句不用that引导，一般用which或as来引导。 非限制性定语从句的引导词which有时指代前面的整个句子。eg: He gave his mother a colour TV set for her birthday, which pleased her a lot.9、由that引导的定语从句与由that引导的同位语从句eg: The train that has just left is fo
17、r Beijing. The truth that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. 先行词是具体的名词或代词还是抽象名词 作用：是修饰限定(的)还是补充说明(具体内容) that在从句中是否充当成分：定语从句中有，同位语从句中无 that是否可以省略：定语从句中作宾语可以省略，同位语从句中不能省略。10、as与which的区别 引导非限制性定语从句，which只放句中，as可放句首或句中 as常与前面the same、such等呼应使用eg: Such people as you discribe are thought to b
18、e fools nowadays. He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了。 as有“正如”、“就像”的意思而which没有eg: as it is said above as it is11、分隔定语从句：一般来讲定语从句要紧跟在先行词的后面，但有时中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开称为分隔定语从句。 eg: There is an expression in his eyes that I cant understand. The days are gone forever when Chinese people were looked down u
19、pon. 12、定语从句中关系代词、关系副词在从句中充当一个成分，因此，使用时要注意避免句子成分的重复出现。 eg: Let me have a look at the dictionary that you bought it yesterday. This is the house where I lived in two years ago. 句中的where = in which (关系副词 = 关系代词 + 介词)三、 状语从句状语从句在复合句中作状语，可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、比较状语从句共九种。l 时间状语从句时间状语从句常用when/while/as
20、/after/before/since/until/as soon as等来引导，主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表将来。eg: I will go on with the work when I come back tomorrow. We will wait until the doctor comes. when/ while/ as表示“当的时候”eg: I will tell her about that when I see her.As he walked along the street, he sang happily. as soon as/ the moment/ imme
21、diately/ directly/ instantly表示 “ “一就” eg: I will tell you as soon as I know. hardlywhen/ no soonerthan表示“刚就” 主句用had done, 从句用did, 主句常用倒装eg: Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.l 地点状语从句：注意与定语从句区分I shall go where working conditions are difficult. 地点状语从句 I shall go to the place wher
22、e working conditions are difficult.定语从句l 原因状语从句原因状语从句常用because/since/now (that)/as/for等来引导eg: Since the two children were brought up in the south, they have never seen snow. Now that you are well again, you can go on with your work. As it is getting very late, we have to go home. As he didnt know mu
23、ch English, he often took a dictionary with him. We must start early, for we have a long way to go. 以下几种情况只能用becarse 回答why提出的问题； 用来引导表语从句；eg: He didnt speak to you, it was because he didnt recognize you. 用在强调原因状语从句的强调句中； 当从属连词前有only/just/simply等修饰时：eg: You shouldnt get angry just because some people
24、 speak ill of you.because + 句子 注意because of + 名词或短语 区别l 结果状语从句 结果状语从句常用so that/sothat/suchthat等来引导 so + adj./adv. + a/an + n.(单) + that such + a/an + adj./adv. + n.(单) + that such + adj./adv. + n.(复/不可数) + thateg: Its so heavy a box that nobody can move it. Its such a heavy box that nobody can move
25、it. 名词前有表示数量多少的形容词few/ a few/ little/ a little/ many/ much等修饰时，用so而不用such，但注意little有时表示的是“小”eg：Such a little animal eat so much food. 其中little表示的是“小”l 条件状语从句 条件状语从句常用if/ unless/ as(so) long as/on condition that/ provided that等来引导。可分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句两种。真实条件状语从句：假设的情况有可能发生的条件状语从句，主句一般用将来时，从句一般用现在时且要
26、用陈述语气。eg: We will come over to see you on Wednesday if we have time.非真实条件状语从句：假设的情况发生的可能性不大或完全是一种空想的条件状语从句，从句中使用虚拟语气。eg: If we had had more time yesterday, we could have done the work.l 目的状语从句 目的状语从句常用so(使得)/ that(以便)/ so that(为了)/ in case(以免)/ lest(以防)/ in order that等来引导，从句中常有may/ might / can / cou
27、ld/ should等情态动词。 eg: I will take a raincoat with me in case it rains.l 方式状语从句 方式状语从句常用as/ just as/ as if/ as though等来引导。eg: The man carried the box away as he was told.l 比较状语从句 比较状语从句常用asas/ not as(so)as/ morethan/ lessthan/ thethe等来引导，从句中常省略成分。eg: He is not so tall as you (are). The more we can do
28、for you, the happier we wil be.l 让步状语从句 让步状语从句常用though/ although/ even if/ even though/ as/ whetheror(无论)/ no matter/ ever等来引导。eg: I wil go whether it rains or shines. as引导的让步状语从句要用倒装语序且使用零冠词 Child as he is, he can answer this question. Young as he is, he knows a lot.l so that引导的结果状语从句与目的状语从句We all
29、arrived at eight, so that the meeting began immediately. (结果)We will come at eight so that the meeting can begin early. (目的) 结果状语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开，目的状语从句不； 目的状语从句一般含有情态动词，结果状语从句无； 从句中如果有情态动词could时，两种从句都是。He spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him.l 应避免出现双连词eg: If I am told such a thing, and I will go too. Because he was ill, so he couldnt continue his work. because与so不连用Though he was tired, but he went on working. though与but不连用，但可以与yet/ still连用