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1、解密08情态动词和虚拟语气考点详解【考纲解读】1. 考生应掌握can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to, need, dare, be able to, used to等情态动词的基本用法。2. 考生应掌握虚拟语气在非真实条件句、名词性从句及其他句型中的运用。【命题趋势】情态动词和虚拟语气为中学英语考纲要求的内容，并且是高考内容中的难点之一。预计在以后的高考中，可能会对情态动词和虚拟语气进行考查，且还可能通过虚拟语气形式考查某种时态的某个形式。考向1 情态动词一、 can, could 与 be abl
2、e to 1. 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能） 此时可用be able to代替。can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。 Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用can。如： He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in s
3、pite of the heavy rain. 2. 表示请求和允许。 Can I go now? Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。Could I come to see you tomorrow? Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. ) 3. 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。 Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hal
4、l can hold 500 people at least. 4. 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This cant be done by him. How can this be true? 1. (2020·天津卷·单项填空)Jim says we _ stay in his house as long as we leave it clean and tidy .A. mustB. canC. needD. should【答案】B【解析】考查情态动词。句意:吉姆说我们可以住在他的房子里，只要
5、我们保持它干净整洁。A. must必须；B. can能，可以；C. need需要；D. should应该。根据后面的“as long as we leave it clean and tidy”可知，Jim许可我们待在他的房子里，即:我们”能，可以”待在他的房子里。故选B。2. (2018·北京卷·单项填空) In todays information age, the loss of data _ cause serious problems for a company.A. need B. should C. can D. must【参考答案】C【答案解析】考查情态动词
6、。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。 3. (2017·北京卷·单项填空)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, _ easily reach the books on the top shelf.A. must B. should C. can D. need【参考答案】C【答案解析】考查情态动词。can表示能力，意为“能够”
7、。故答案为C。句意：塞缪尔我们班个子最高的男孩能够轻松地够到架子顶层上的书。二、 may, might 1. 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant 或mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。 Might/ May I smoke in this room? No, you mustnt. May/Might I take this book out of the room? Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt. ) 用May I.？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I.？在口语中更常见。 2. 用于祈使句
8、，表示祝愿。 May you succeed! might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。He might not come today. 今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定) You might also get a headache when you work too hard. 当你工作太努力时，你也可能患头痛。You feel all the training a waste of time, but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.A. should B. nee
9、d C. shall D. may【参考答案】D【答案解析】句意：你可能觉得所有的训练都是浪费时间，但是我有100%的把握你以后会感激它的。should应该；need需要；shall将会；may（不确定）可能。所以选D。三、 must, have to 1. 表示必须、必要You must come in time. 在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustnt（禁止，不准），而用neednt, dont have to（不必）。Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. /No, you dont have to
10、/ you neednt. 2. must是说话人的主观看法，而have to则强调客观需要。 must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。 I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age. 3. must表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句） Youre Toms good friend, so you must know what he likes best. Your mother must be waiting for you now.must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用dont have to或need
11、nt。而不用mustnt。 Must I finish my homework first? 我必须先完成作业吗？No, you dont have to/ neednt. 不，你不必。can和must在表推测时，can一般用于否定句中，而must 常用于肯定句中。It can not be Li Lei. 那个人不可能是李磊。 It must be Li Lei. 那个人肯定是李磊。1.Cant you stay a little longer? Its getting late. I really _go now, My daughter is home alone.A .may B .c
12、an C . must D .dare 【参考答案】C【答案解析】句意：你不能再多待会儿吗?很晚了，我必须得走了。我女儿一个人在家。A. may可能，可以，也许； can能，会；C. must必须，必然要，必定会；D. dare敢，胆敢。结合句意，故选C。2. You _be careful with the camera. It costs!A .must B. may C. can D. will【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查情态动词。根据下文的it costs可知，照相机很昂贵，可推断此处是说，你一定要非常小心对待照相机。故选A 。may可能；can能够，有时会；will会，愿意。四、
13、dare, need 1. dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。 How dare you say Im unfair? He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? If we dared not go there that day，we couldnt get the beautiful flowers. 2. need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。 You neednt come s
14、o early. Need I finish the work today? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. 注意： dare和 need作实义动词用时，有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 I dare to swim across this river. He doesnt dare (to) answer. He needs to finish his homework today.五、 shall, should 1. sh
15、all 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? 2. shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告) He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) He shall be punished.(威胁) 3should表示义务、职责等，意为应该。You should be strict with yourself as an officer. 作为一名官员，你应该严格要求自己。六、 will,
16、 would 1. 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。 Will / Would you pass me the ball, please? 2. 表示意志、愿望和决心。 I will never do that again. They asked him if he would go abroad. 3. would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习 惯”的含义。 During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.The wound would not heal. 1
17、. （2019.天津卷）The professor warned the students that on no account _ use mobile phones in the class. A. should they B. they should C. dare they D. they dare 【参考答案】A【试题解析】考查特殊句式和情态动词。句意： 教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上绝不要使用手机。在that 引导的宾语从句中，表否定意义的介词短语on no account 位于句首，后面的主、谓需要用部分倒装结构，故排除B项和D项；根据句意可知此处应该用情态动词should，故选A
18、。2.(2018·新课标II卷·短文改错) As kid, I loved to watch cartoons, but no matter how many times I asked to them, my parents would not to let me.【参考答案】删除let前的to【答案解析】would后跟动词原形，故把to删除。七、 should, ought to 1. should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。 I should help her because she is in troubl
19、e. You ought to take care of the baby. 2. 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。 You should / ought to go to class right away.Should I open the window? 3. 表示推测 should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。 He must be home by now. (断定他已到家) He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定) This is where the oi
20、l must be.(直爽) This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)考向2 情态动词+have done情态动词have done用法must have done一定做过某事，其否定形式为cant/couldnt have donecan/could have done(1)本来能够做但却未做(2)可能做过某事cant/couldnt have done不可能做过某事may/might have done或许/可能做过某事should/ought to have done本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了neednt have d
21、one做了本没有必要做的事情1.must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成一定做过某事，该结构只用于肯定句。 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。You must have been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。2.cant have done表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成不可能做过某事。Mr Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library
22、 just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。Mary cant have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。3.can have done表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成可能做过吗？。There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？4.could
23、 have done是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。5.may have done表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是可能已经或也许已经，用于肯定句中。 What has happened to George? 乔治发生了什么事？I dont know. He may have got lost. 我不知道，他可能迷路了。6.might have done表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用
24、于虚拟语气结构中。 She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。7.would have done虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来会。I would have told you all about the boys story, but you didnt ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。8.should have done意思是本来应该做某事，而实际没做。shouldnt+have+done表示
25、本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。Look, Tom is crying. I shouldnt have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本不应该对他如此严厉的。9.ought to have done表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成理应做，往往表示遗憾。与should have done用法基本一样。 I ought to have gone home l
26、ast Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。10.need have done表示本来需要做某事而实际没有做。neednt have done则表示本来不需要做某事而实际做了I neednt have bought so much wine only five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。He need have hurried to the station. In that case, he wouldnt have missed the trai
27、n. 他本来需要快点去车站的，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。 Sorry, Mum! I failed the job interview again.Oh, its too bad. You _ have made full preparations.A. mustB. canC. wouldD. should【参考答案】D【答案解析】考查情态动词+have done结构。句意：对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了。噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分准备的。A.must必须；B.can可以；C.would将会；D.should应该。can have done表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成可能做过吗
28、？；could have done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做；must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成一定做过某事，该结构只用于肯定句；should have done的意思是本来应该做某事，而实际没做。故选D。难点剖析情态动词表猜测的用法：一、can / could用于表推测的用法(1) 从使用句型上看，can 通常只用于否定句或疑问句，一般不用于肯定句，而could 可用于肯定句、否定 句和疑问句。两者没有时间上的差别，只是could 比 can 更委婉，更不确定。如：It cant couldnt be true. 那不可能是真的。What ca
29、n could they be doing? 他们会在干什么呢?We could go there this summer. 今年夏天我们可能要去那儿。注：can 有时也用于肯定句中表示推测，主要用于表示理论上的可能性(即从理论上看是可能的，但实际未必会发生)，或表示“有时”之意。如：Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使是有经验的教师也可能出错。She can be very unpleasant. 她有时很令人讨厌。(2) 从时间关系看，对现在或将来情况作推测，后接动词原形；对正在进行的情况作推测，后接 be doing 结 构；对过
30、去情况作推测，后接动词完成式。如：He could have gone home. 他可能已经回家了。He cant couldnt have understood. 他不可能理解了。Why does he know this? Can Could someone have told him about it? 他怎么知道? 会是哪个人告诉他了吗?(3) “could+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下重要用法：表示过去没有实现的可能性，常译为“本来可以”。如：I could have lent you the moneyWhy didnt you ask me? 我本来可以借这笔钱给你的
31、。你为什么不向我提出?用来委婉地责备某人过去应该做某事而没有去做，常译为“本来应该”。如：You could have helped him. 你本来应该帮助他的。表示“差点儿就要”。如：I could have died laughing. 我差点儿笑死了。二、 may / might用于表推测的用法表示推测，两者都可用，只是 might 比 may 语气更不确定，表示的可能性更小。(1) 在句型使用方面：两者均可用于肯定句和否定句，但用于疑问句时，may通常不用于句首，但可用于疑问句的句中（如特殊疑问句等），而might尽管可以用于疑问句的句首，但不算普通，通常会改用其他句式（如用coul
32、d等）。如：He may might know the answer. 他可能知道答案。He may might not believe you. 他可能不会相信你。And who may might she be? 那么她会是哪一位呢？(2) 从时间关系看，对现在或将来情况作推测，后接动词原形；对正在进行的情况作推测，后接 be doing 结 构；对过去情况作推测，后接动词完成式。如：He may might tell his wife. 他也许会告诉他妻子。He may might be writing a letter. 他可能在写信。She may might have read i
33、t in the papers. 她可能在报上已读到过此事。(3)“might+完成式”除表示对过去的推测外，还有以下重要用法： 表示过去某事可能发生而实际上却并没发生。如：It was really very dangerous. I might have killed myself. 那真的是太危险了，我差点没命了。A lot of men died who might have been saved很多人本来可以获救的却死了。 表示委婉的批评或责备。如：You might have made greater progress. 你的进步本来可更大一些的。You might at leas
34、t have answered my letter. 你至少可以回我一封信嘛。三、must表示推测的用法must 表示很有把握的推测，其意为“一定会”“肯定会”，只用于肯定句，一般不用于否定句或疑问句。表示对现在或未来的情况作推测，后接动词原形；表示对过去情况的推测，接动词完成式。如：I must be the happiest woman on earth! 我一定是世界上最幸福的女人了。No, he must be lying. 不，他一定在撒谎He must have mistaken my meaning. 他一定误会了我的意思。考向3 虚拟语气一、虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 包含条件从
35、句的句子称为条件句。条件句分为两类：一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。 如果假设的情况很可能发生，就用真实条件句。If he has time, he wil come. 如果他有时间，他会来的。He wont succeed unless we plan well. 他不会成功的，除非我们计划好。如果假设的情况发生的可能性不大，则用虚拟条件句。虚拟条件句分为三种，见下表：假设情况条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反过去式（be的过去式常用were）would/should/might/could + 动词原形与将来事实相反(1) 过去式(2)should + 动词原形(3)wer
36、e to + 动词原形would/should/might/could + 动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成时（had + 过去分词）would/should/might/could + 过去分词If he had time now，he would(could，might)go with you. 要是他现在有时间，他会和你一起去的。(与现在事实相反)If you had come a few minutes earlier，you would(could，might) have met the famous singer. 如果你早来几分钟，你就会见到那个著名歌手了。(与过去事实相反)If
37、it were to snow this evening，they would not go out. 如果今天晚上下雪，他们就不会出去。(与将来事实相反)二、几种特殊的虚拟条件从句1省略if形式的虚拟语气在if虚拟条件句中，若省略if，则将should，were，had前置，构成主谓倒装句式。Had I worked harder，I would have succeeded. 如果我当时努力学习的话，我就会成功的。Were she my daughter(Should she be my daughter)，I wouldn't allow her to study abroad.
38、 如果她是我的女儿的话，我就不让她出国学习了。2混合虚拟语气若主句和从句所表示的时间不一致，就构成了混合虚拟语气或错综虚拟语气，此时，主句和从句的时态形式根据实际的时间概念来定。If she had followed the doctor's words，she would feel better now. 如果当初她听从了医生的建议，现在就会好多了。3含蓄虚拟语气有时候假设的条件不是通过条件从句表达，而是隐含在某些介词短语中，如without.，连词but for，otherwise，or等中。Without music(If there were no music)，the wor
39、ld would be dull. 世界若无音乐将会很枯燥。I'm really very busy，otherwise I would certainly go there with you.(otherwiseif I were not so busy) 我真的是太忙了，不然我就会同你一道去了。三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用1. 动词wish后的宾语从句。 表示现在的情况，从句谓语用过去式；表示过去的情况，从句谓语用过去完成式；表示将来的情况，从句谓语用would/ should/could/might + 动词原形。I wish I were ten years younger
40、now. 我希望我现在年轻十岁。I wish I had met him yesterday. 我昨天能遇到他就好了。I wish I would be a scientist. 我希望将来成为科学家。1. (2020·江苏卷·单项填空)28. If I hadnt been faced with so many barriers, I _where I am.A. wont beB. wouldnt have beenC. wouldnt beD. shouldnt have been【答案】C【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我没有面对那么多的障碍，我现在就不会在这里。分
41、析句子成分可知，此处是错综时间虚拟语气，根据空后where I am可知，此处是与现在事实相反的假设，主句谓语动词应使用would/could/might/should+do。故选C。2. (2018·江苏卷·单项填空)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _ a second chance to become more involved.A. had B. will haveC. would have had D. have had【参考答案】A【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社
42、交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。2. 在表示请求、建议、命令、要求等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语用should + 动词原形，should可省略。常见的这类动词有：suggest，recommend， insist， order， require， advise， demand， command， ask， request，propose等。He suggested that we (should) be here in time. 他建议我们及时到那儿。The doctor advised that
43、 he (should) change his job. 医生劝他换工作。1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空) Its strange that he _ have taken the books without the owners permission.A. would B. shouldC. could D. might【参考答案】B【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It is important/necessa
44、ry/strange/impossible/natural that.”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。故选B。2.（2016·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. 【参考答案】删除can或can改为should 【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议讲的时候，后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气（should+）动词原形，所以本句可以删除can或can改为should。3.
45、在would rather后的宾语从句中，谓语常用过去式来表示现在或将来的情况，用过去完成式表示过去的情况。I would rather you told me the truth. 我愿意你跟我讲真话。I would rather you had been present. 我倒愿意你当时在场。4在It is (about/high) timethat从句中，谓语动词常用过去式或should动词原形表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。Its high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection. 是我们致力于环境保护的时候了。5as if，as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一