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1、考点12 阅读之主旨大意（解析版）【命题趋势】阅读理解在高考中的比重非常大。所谓“得阅读者得天下”，拿下了阅读就等于拿下了高考的半壁江山。所以提分的重点就在于阅读。而阅读理解中主旨大意题是常考题型，也是容易出错的题型之一。掌握解题步骤，确保主旨大意题的正确率是非常重要的。【重要考向】一、识别主旨大意题；二、主旨大意题解题方法；考向一 识别主旨大意题【典例】【2021年全国乙卷阅读理解B篇】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a l
2、andline（座机）?These days youd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesnt own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. 24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile
3、phones?A. Their target users.B. Their wide popularity.C. Their major functions.D. Their complex design.【参考答案】B主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket.
4、 Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15岁以上的没有手机的人。事实上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B项。【主旨大意的识别提分秘籍】题干主要设置：1. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?2. What is the last paragraph mainly about?3. What does Niel
5、sen's career story tell us?4. What can we learn from Jenifer's story?5. What is the main idea of the text?归纳：文章中如何寻找关键词1.举例中的关键词一定不是文章关键词2.Timex是细节词，细节词不能有3.首段出现疑问句时，对该疑问对回答就是主题句考向二 主旨大意题解题方法【典例】【2021年新高考全国卷阅读理解C篇】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the ski
6、es and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽
7、) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increas
8、ingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was desig
9、ned by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.About 98 cents of every duck
10、stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dolla
11、rs has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A. The Federal Duck Stamp StoryB. The
12、National Wildlife Refuge SystemC. The Benefits of Saving WaterfowlD. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting【参考答案】A主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。【主旨大意提分秘籍】Main idea 题型的解题步骤1. 关键词一定要有2. 细节词不能有3.主题句一般在段首断尾，首段尾段1.【2019全国卷阅读理解
13、D篇】Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skil
14、ls and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.33.What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolesc
15、ents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.【参考答案】A 事实细节题 本题需要整体理解第二段内容，归纳其段落大意。本段前两句为主旨句，提出受欢迎度这一概念，并且介绍了Mitch Prinstein的理论，把受欢迎的人分为两类，后面围绕这两种分类展开论述。classification与第二句中的categories为同义异构现象。2.【2021年浙江卷1月阅读理解C篇】Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said
16、that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.“Thats whats so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “Theyre the only thin
17、g that looks like human language in that respect.”Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animals call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between ca
18、lls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signalling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off
19、together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so thats not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter. Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in see
20、king to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures a
21、nd actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains.”30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthroughB. Chimpanzees developed specifi
22、c communication skillsC. Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdomD. Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated【参考答案】 D 主旨大意题 文章第一句即点明主旨，研究人员表明，他们已经破译出野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。3.【2021年全国乙卷阅读理解D篇】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think abo
23、ut often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “Thats why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came acros
24、s a study that shows why his approach works. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 dec
25、ibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were
26、 small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise. But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise not too loud and not total silence m
27、ay actually improve ones creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on cr
28、eative tasks. So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we cant stop ourselves from getting drawn into others conversations while were trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative pro
29、cess, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.35. What can we infer about the author from the text?A. Hes a news reporter.B. Hes an office manager.C. Hes a professional designer.D. Hes a published writer.【参考答案】D推理判断
30、题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D项。4.【2021年全国甲卷阅读理解D篇】Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Let's state clearly: Ei
31、nstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as
32、 geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the clubwomen, or people of a differen
33、t color or beliefthey were unacknowledged and rejected by others.A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around
34、age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant glo
35、bal communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, c
36、reativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”15. What is the best title for the text?A. Geniuses Think AlikeB. Genius Takes Many FormsC. Genius and IntelligenceD. Genius and Luck【参考答案】B主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer sa
37、ys, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。5.【2021年6月浙江卷阅读理解 C篇】If you ever get the impre
38、ssion that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new studyResearchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images（图像）of the same person maki
39、ng either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face
40、on images totally different from the ones used in training. The researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance. 28. The new study focused on whether dogs can_.A. distinguish shap
41、es B. make sense of human facesC. feel happy or angry D. communicate with each other【参考答案】B主旨大意题。根据短文首段的第二句“Dogs may inxdeed be able to distinguish betweenhappy and angry human faces, according to a new study”可知，一项新的研究表明,狗可能真地可以辨别人的表情是高兴还是愤怒，紧接着后文又详细介绍了研究过程和结论，即狗能够识别人的表情，且倒数第二段的“With our study, we t
42、hink we can now confidently conclude that at leastsome dogs can distinguish human faciall expressions”一句明确给出了结论。故选B项。6.【2021年6月浙江卷阅读理解 C篇】At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely exp
43、lanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said. 30. What is the last paragraph mainly about?A. A sugg
44、estion for future studies. B. A possible reason for the study findings. C. A major limitation of the study D. An explanation of the research method. 【参考答案】B 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“.why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facialexpressions in hurmans”可知最后一段解释了为什么看起来狗具备识别人类表情的能力，也
45、就是为什么会有这样的实验研究结论。故选B项。7.【2021年6月浙江卷阅读理解B篇】We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen-any screen -and stare at it for hours. They
46、are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet. In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of
47、 years ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say "chocolate" into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a Lon
48、don media type, appointed himself "marketing director for Nature". He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network a group of organisations with the com
49、mon goal of getting children out into nature. "Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference," David Bond says. "There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life." His own children have got into the habit of