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1、精品资料网（）25万份精华管理资料，2万多集管理视频讲座对外经济合同英文写作1对外经济合同英文写作第二版目 录 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载Unit OneSome Language Features in the Contract Documents对外经济合同文件中的英语语言特点Unit TwoAdverbs in Law Documents 法律条款中常用的副词One HerebyTwo HereinafterThree ThereinFour ThereofFive HereofSix HeretoSeven HereinEight Thereafter; Thereto; Therew
2、ithUnit ThreeTerminology专用词汇One WhereasTwo In Witness Whereof; WherebyThree Know All Men by These Presents; Undersigned; Now T 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载Unit FourPhrases短语与词组One Unless OtherwiseTwo In Accordance with; Under; Pursuant toThree In Respect of; In Respect ThereofFour NotwithstandingFive In the Event
3、That; In the Event ofSix Provided thatSeven Be DeemedEight In QuestionNine In Case; In Case ofTen Be Liable; Be Liable toUnit FiveStructure of Sentence句子结构One Shall关于Shall的用法Two Positioning of Adverbial Modifiers句子中状语的位置Three Positioning of Adverbial Modifierin subordinate Clauses从句中的状语的位置Four Posit
4、ioning of Clauses从句简略形式在句中的位置Five Attributive Clauses Such as关于suchas的用法Unit S 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载Main Terms of Foreign Economic Contracts对外经济合同中的主要条款One Corporate or personal Names of the Contracting Parties and Their Nationalities and Principal Places of Business or Domicile合同当事人的名称或姓名，国籍，主要营业地点或住所Two T
5、ype of Contract and Kind and Scope of the Object of the Contract合同的种类与合同的范围Three Contract and Rate, Amount and Method of Payment, and Other Various Incidental Charges合同价格，支付金额，支付方式和各种附带的费用Four Conditions for Assignment of Contract, Liability to Pay Compensation and Other Liabilities for Breach of Co
6、ntract合同转让的条件和违反合同的赔偿及责任Five Methods for Settling Contract Disputes合同发生争议时的解决办法Six The Language in Which the Contract Is to Be Written and Its Validity合同使用的文字及其效力Seven Force Majeure不可抗力条款A 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载1. Reading Materials: the Relevant Terms of Foreign Economic Affairs阅读：对外经济法规有关条款2. Samples of Con
7、tacts合同范本Unit OneSome Language Features in the Contract Documents对外经济合同文件中的英语语言特点本课程主要研究对外经济合同中英文的语言特点，进而掌握英文合同写作的语言技能。对外经济合同及其他法律文件中的英语语言，从选词、用词，到句子的独特结构，都与基础英语有所不同。比如，使用正式的法律上的用词；大量使用法律语汇中的副词，以避免重复误解，使行文准确，简洁同义词连用等。这些特点与合同文件的本身特性有关，与合同中每一条款的写作要求有关。合同条款要求用词准确，易懂，句子结构严密，意思明确无误。还要做到既要把阐明的事项面面点到，滴水不漏，
8、无懈可击。又如，在进行对外经济合同及其他法律文件的文件写作时，对一些关键性的词常常采用同义词连用，主要是由于许多英语词汇有一词多义的特点，在句中可能发生意思不明或产生歧义，产生合同双方可能按自己的意图来理解的弊端。同义词连用是取两个或两个以上词的共义，以便确保所用的词不被曲解，保证内容上准确，维护法律文件的独解性尊严。另外，对外经济合同英文写作不是基础英语的写作，也不是简单的英文商务信函的写作，而是正式的法律文件的写作。进行合同的英文写作，除应掌握上述的语言特点外，还 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载应具有相应的专业知识和法律知识。为说明问题，本单元只从三个方面来说明对外经济合同文件中的英语语言的特
9、点。详细的语言技能将在后面的几个单元里学习。第一 选用正式的或法律条文的用词The Contract document is a legal document which the Parties to the contract shall comply with. The language used in the contract document shall be clear, unadorned and legal.One language feature in contract document is wording. The words and phrases used in the
10、said documents shall be legal, formal, and accurate.Examples（1）The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as part of this Contract.整个合同期间，本合同的附件理解为合同的一部分。句中的be deemed（被认为）和construed（理解）为正式用词。Be deemed 比be considered正式，construed比understood正式。（2）The first Board m
11、eeting shall be convened within one month after the issuance of the Companys business license.第一 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载次董事会应在公司营业执照签发后一个月内召开。句中convened比called held/ assembled正式。（3）“Permanent Works” means the permanent works to be executed in accordance with the Contract.“永久工程”是指根据合同将实施的永久工程。in accordance wit
12、h在合同等法律文件中常用，比according to要正式。(4)The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同本文的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。句中construction意为explanation，但比e
13、xplanation正式，此词在法律文件中常用。有的国际法律文本中，此词被译成“构成”，显然是错误的。(5)If under Clause 31 the Employer employs other contractors on the Site, the Employer shall require them to have the same regard for safety and danger.如果根据第31条规定，业主在现场还雇用其他承包人时， 业主应同样地要求这些承包人在安全和避免危险方面负同样的责任。句中的require是正式用词，比ask正式。而且，require表示上对下的要
14、求，表示法律条款对合同当事人的要求。而ask一词没有这么明确，它含有request 和 require之意，其中request表 中国最庞大的下载资料库下载示下对上的要求，在译成中文时，为“请求”。可见在此句中只能用require最为恰当。(6)The submission to and consent by the Engineer of such program or the provision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his
15、 duties or responsibilities under the Contract.向工程师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流通量估算，并不解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。句中consent(同意)和estimates(估算)都是正式用词。(7)The Chairman may convene an interim meeting in accordance with a proposal made by one-third of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price董
16、事长可根据董事会三分之一董事的提议，召集临时董事会议。句中convene(召集)和interim(临时)都是正式用词。(8)The employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of defects therein the Contract Price业主特此立约保证向承包人支付合同总价，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。Covenants是法律用词，意为签订有法律约束力的正式合约。
17、第二同义词连用进行法律文件的英文写作时，对一些关键性的词常常采用同义词连用。这主要是为了克服由于许多英语词具有一词多义的特点，而在句中可能发生意思不明，合同双方可能按自己的意图来理解。为确保所用词不被曲解，采用同义词连用，取两个或两个以上同义词的共义，以保证内容上准确，维护法律文件的独解性尊严。Another language feature is that an expression may contain two synonyms or more repeating each other in order to avoid possible misunderstanding.Example
18、s(1)The headings and marginal notes in these conditions shall not be deemed part thereof or be taken into consideration in the interpretation or construction thereof or of the Contract.本合同条件中的标题和旁注不应视为合同本文的一部分，在合同条件或合同本身的理解或解释中也不应考虑这些标题和旁注。句中interpretation与construction同义，意为理解，解释。(2)This agreement is
19、 made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。句中made 和 entered into 同义，意为签订协议。by 和 between 同义，意为由甲方和乙方签订。(3)The contractor shall, without limiting his or the Employers obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20, insure the Works, together with materials and plant for i
20、ncorporation therein, to the full replacement cost.在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责任的条件下，承包人应以全部重置成本对工程，并对用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进行保险。句中obligations 和responsibilities 同义。(4)Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential such part as is already published.甲方不再承担已经被公开部分的保密义务。句中secret 和respons
21、ibilities同义。(5)The amendments to or alterations of this Contract come into effect only after they are signed by the Parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities.本合同的修改只有经合同双方签字并经原审批主管机关批准后才能生效。句中amendments和alterations同义.(6)The Parties to this Contract shall fulfill or perform an
22、y of the obligations under this Contract.本合同双方应履行合同规定的义务。句中fulfill和perform同义.(7)Any such consent shall not relieve the Contractor from any liability or obligation under the Contract.任何此类同意均不应解除合同规定的承包人的责任与义务。句中liability和obligation同义.(8)If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms,
23、provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null and void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，本保证书所承担的义务即告终止，否则这种义务保持完全有效。句中连用了几组同义词，以表示强调法律条款的严密性。其中terms, provisions, conditions, stipulations 皆为同义，意为合同的条款及
24、规定。null和void 为同义，意为无效。另外，be 和remain同义；force和effect也是同义。第三 外语与相关的专业知识和国际法知识相结合对外经济合同的英文写作，强调要掌握相关的专业知识和国际法规。这个总是极为重要，应集三门知识于一身，才能真正掌握好合同的英文写作。在对外经济合同文件中许多句子都体现了这一点。如不掌握这一点，写出的句子，从语言角度来考虑是正确的，而从法律和专业方面来看，有可能是不对的，如这样的句子作为合同条款定下来，可能会使合同某一方造成经济损失。EXAMPLE(1)The Engineer shall have authority to issue to th
25、e Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出为合理和恰当施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指示。句中为表示“施工，竣工及修补工程中的缺陷”用了两个and (exe
26、cution and completion of the Works and the remedy of any defects therein)。如果从语言角度来分析，这里多用一个and，结构不对，可以写成 “execution, completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein”。然而，正是这样符合语法的英语句子，就可能犯了一大错误，合同中一方会遭受经济损失。这里有专业和法律知识问题。根据一般国际承包工程的做法以及国际工程承包法规（FIDIC合同条款）的规定，工程分两个阶段完成；第一阶段为：设计、施工和竣工。第
27、一阶段完成后，承包人获得业主签发的移交证书（Taking-over Certificate）。第二阶段为修补工程中的缺陷，第二阶段完成后， 承包人可获得缺陷责任证书（Defects Liability Certificate），届时，承包人和业主的双方合同义务都已解除。从上面分析可看出，此句中的两个and 是必要的。每一个and (execution and completion of the Works)是指第一阶段中的两项工作，而第二个and 是指国际承包工程中分两个阶段。如果省去了句中的第一个and, 就意味着两个阶段合并成一个阶段， 使承包人该移交的工程交不出去，只能等到“修补工程中缺
28、陷”的阶段结束。这就造成承包方的人力、物力等成本的加大，而且，这样写也违背FIDIC合同条款的规定。可见，要写好这一句子（条款），只有具备语言，国际承包工程知识和FIDIC国际工程承包合同条款这三门知识才能做到。(2)In the event of a Subcontractor having undertaken for the Contractor in respect of the Works executed, or the goods, materials, plant or services supplied by such Subcontractor, any continuin
29、g obligation extending for a period exceeding that of the Defects Liability period under the Contract, the contractor, shall, at any time following the expiration of such Period, assign to the Employer, at the employers request and cost, the benefit of such obligation for the un-expired time thereof
30、.当分包人向承包人承担负责施工或提供材料，货物， 设备和服务的责任期限延长到超过合同规定的缺陷责任期限时，承包应在缺陷任期结束后，根据业主的要求及用业主的费用，把未结束的这种义务转让给业主。举这一例子想研究一下句中的request是否用错了。当我们要表示“要求”时， 英语中有3个词，即：ask, require和request,3个词意思基本相同。但在具体使用上有区别。Ask为通用，require为上对下的要求，即地位高的向地位低的要求，而request是下对上的要求，地位低向地位高的要求。在合同中，业主的地位自然要比承包人的高，提及业主的要求时通常要有require，而不用request。而
31、这里恰恰用了request(at the Employers request)，这里是否用错了？其实，没有用错，是对的。道理很简单，从句子中可看出合同的缺陷责任期(Effects Liability Period)已经结束，这就意味着业主和承包人的合同义务已解除。他们不再是上下级关系，而是变成了平等关系。在这种情况下，请别人办事，礼貌点为好，事情容易办成。因此request一词在这里用得极为恰当。同样，这也是一个需要集三门知识于一身的例子。(3)In the event that the stated time proves to be insufficient, the Employer a
32、sk Tenderers to extend the period of validity of their Tenders for a further named period.如果发现注明的时间不能满足要求，业主可要求投标者将其投标书的有效期再延长一指定时间。这又是一个典型的例子，句中的ask使用得完全正确。我们只要具有上述提及的三门知识，就能够正确使用。我们知道，业主在投标时和在签订合同后都称为业主。而承包人就不一样了， 在投标时称投标者，如果其投标书被业主接受，即中标，并签订了合同，那么投标人就变成承包人。此时与业主的关系就成了上下级关系。而投标时业主与投标人的关系并没有合同上的法律关
33、系，或上下关系。自然用require这样的词就不合适，有欺人之嫌。从本句来看双方恰好处在投标阶段，合同并未签订，自然不能用require, 而投标又是投标人自己的行为，不是业主请他们来投标，因此也不能用request，可见ask是最合适的词了。Unit TwoAdverbs in Law Documents法律条款中常用的副词进行对外经济合同文件写作，在用词上要求准确，简洁。英语中某些副词如“here”，“where”等词在法律文件中往往当作前缀，与另一个词构成一个正式法律词汇中的副词，法律文件中用这些词，可以避免重复，使行文准确，简洁。本单元将就下列词汇，逐个地进行举例分析，并逐个地进行练习
34、，进而掌握这些词汇的用法。Foreign economic contracts require the use of their correct terms which is essential to the writing of such a contract. It is, therefore, necessary for students to acquire, through practice, the basic knowledge of how contracts are worded.Adverbs like “here” “there” and “where” are usua
35、lly used as prefixed in order to avoid repletion and possible misunderstanding. They include the following:Hereafter, hereby, herein, hereinafter, hereinbefore, hereof, hereto, hereunder, hereupon, herewith;Thereafter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereinafter, hereinbefore, thereon, herewith;Therea
36、fter, thereby, therefrom, therein, thereinafter, thereinbefore, thereon, thereof,l thereunder, thereupon, therewith;One HerebyHereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，因此，兹等意，常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。Passage 1The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the exe
37、cution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sums as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.Notes1) hereby: by reason of this特此2) covenant: v. make a formal agreement
38、立约，签订合同、条约；n.Legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同3) the Contract Price: 合同总价，指工程的总造价4) the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款5) under: in accordance with根据，按照6) therein: in the Works在本工程中7) Completion of the Works工程的竣工8) Suchas关系代词，相当于that, whichChinese version for reference业
39、主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内，按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价，或合同规定的其他应支付的款项，以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。Passage 2We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your
40、 request.Notes1) hereby: 特此2) to the best of our knowledge: as far as we know据我们所知3) foregoing statement: above-mentioned statement上述声明4) herein: in this, in the statement在声明中5) documentary proof证明文件Chinese version for reference特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容翔实，正确无误，并提供了全部能提供产资料和数据，我们同意应贵方要求，出具有效的证明。Passage 3This
41、 Contract is made and signed in (place) on (date), by and between _(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) and _(hereinafter referred to as the Buyer).The buyer hereby orders from the Seller the following goods subject to the following conditions:Notes1) hereinafter: later in this Contract在下文，以下2) r
42、eferred to as: called被称为3) order: buy订购4) subject to: conditionally upon 以为条件，根据Chinese version for reference本合同由_(以下称卖方)和 _（以下称买方）于_年_月_日在_签订。买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：Passage 4With reference to the Lease Agreement No.LA123, signed by and between your goodselves and AA Plant, Zhanjiang(hereinafter referred
43、to as the Lessee) on October 15,1997, we hereby establish in your favour, at the request of the Lessee, and Irrevocable Letter of Guarantee No. BCZ456 for an amount not exceeding JY_(say Japanese Yen_)only.Notes1) With reference to: in reference to, concerning; about关于2) The Lease Agreement:租赁协议（合同）
44、3) In your favour in sbs favour以你方为抬头，以你方为受益人 to the advantage of sb. 对。有利4) Lessee承租人5) Irrevocable Letter of Guarantee不可撤销的保函Chinese version for reference关于你方与湛江AA工厂（以下称承租人）于1997年10月15日所签订的租赁协议，特根据承租人的请求，我行现出具以你方为抬关的不可撤销的保证书BCZ456号，金额为日元_整。Passage 5The Parties to this Contract, in the spirit of fr
45、iendly cooperation, hereby signed and concluded this Contract in accordance with the flowing terms and conditions:Notes:1) the Parties to this Contract双方，即本合同双方2) in the spirit of friendly cooperation本着友好合作的精神3) hereby特此4) signed and concluded this Contract签订本合同5) in accordance with the following te
46、rms and conditions其条件如下，按如下条件Chinese version for reference双方本着友好合作的精神，特签订本合同，其条件如下：Passage 6The Housing Administration Department of Beijing Diplomatic Personnel Service Company(hereinafter to be referred to as Party A)and _(hereinafter to be referred to as Party B)hereby entered into and concluded
47、this Lease Contract as follows:Notes:The Housing Administration Department of Beijing Diplomatic Personnel Service Company北京市外交人员服务公司房屋管理处1) hereby特此2) this Lease Contract租赁合同Chinese version for reference北京市外交人员服务公司房屋管理处（以下称甲方）与_（以下称乙方）订立租赁合同如下：TwoHereinafterHereinafter: later in the same Contract以下，在下文。一般与to be referred to as, referred to as, called等词组连用，以避免重复。Passage 1In accor