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1、关于英语语法句子成分时态语态第1页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三第一讲、句子成分与词性关系一一、句子种类（按结构划分）句子种类（按结构划分）1.简单句简单句：只包含一个主谓结构的句子。如：We love our great motherland.2.并列句并列句：包含两个或以上主谓结构的句子，句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。如：He had failed several times,but he persisted in his plan all the same.第2页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三3.复合句复合句：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子，从句由从属连词引导。如：Do you
2、see what I mean?As it is so easy,you can do it at once.If she agrees,if her parents do not refuse,and if I have graduated,then I will marry her.第3页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三二、五种基本句型和七大句子成分(简单句)1.主语主语+谓语（谓语（SV）如：I work.注：主语（Subject,S）：动作的发出者；谓语（Verb,V）：表示主语实施的动作，也可表示状态。2.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语（SVO）We study English.She i
3、s writing a letter now.注：宾语（Object,V）：动作的承受者；动作的结果。第4页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三3.主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾补（宾补（SVOC）I found Lee a coward.They elected my uncle president.注：补足语（Complement,C）：用以补充说明宾语身份、状态。4.主语主语+谓语谓语+间宾间宾+直宾（直宾（SVOiOd）The teacher told children stories.I give my fiends birthday gifts.注：直接宾语（Direct Object）
4、：动作的直接对象；间接宾语（Indirect Object）：动作的间接对象；注：区别双宾和宾补的方法：双宾同过加介词to可以调换直接宾语和间接宾语的位置，句子依然成立，而宾补不可以。如：I give my fiends birthday gifts.I give birthday gifts to my friends.第5页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三5.主语主语+系动词系动词+表语（表语（SVP）All the students are busy.He always kept silent at meeting.注：表语（Predicative,P）：和系动词一道构成谓语系动词（Link
5、 Verb）：本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构，说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况，所以也有人把系表结构分析为“主语+谓语+主语补足语”。常见的系动词：Be:am,is,are,was,were等；感官动词：feel,smell,taste,sound,look,appear,seem;表示转变变化的动词：become,get,grow,turn,go;表示延续的动词：remain,keep,hold,stay,rest.第6页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三6.附属成分：附属成分：定语（Attribute,Att）：修饰名词、代词；可以前置或后置（一般后置定语可以使介词短
6、语，分词，定语从句等）。如：Do you see the man at the door?Here is a homeless child suffering hunger.He is a man who has succeeded by his own efforts.状语（Adverbial,A）：修饰动词、形容词或副词，也可以放在句首或句尾。如：He goes to work very early.He studied hard to pass the exam.He ran quite fast.第7页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三7.同位语（同位语（Appositive,App）：与前
7、项或后项所指相同，句法功能相同。Early in the morning came the news that Spain defeat Portugal in the semifinal of the European Cup.They each have a personal account.We students should study hard.第8页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三8.插入语（插入语（Parenthesis,Pa）/独立成分独立成分：在一个句子中间插入一个成分，它不作句子的任何成分，也不和句子成分发生结构关系，既不起连接作用也不表示语气，将其删掉句子结构仍然完整。主要起
8、到“意义”作用。Who do you think will give us a talk this afternoon?Technology,as a general rule,is the friend of movie making,as it is,I think,the friend of all the arts.第9页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三三、词类与句子成分对应关系主语：名词、代词;谓语：动词/助动词+动词;宾语：名词、代词;定语：形容词、名词、介词短语;状语：副词、介词短语;补语：名词、形容词、介词短语;表语：名词、形容词、介词短语;第10页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三第二
9、讲、主谓一致主谓一致即句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致。一般说来，主语的单、复数形式决定着谓语动词应采取的相应形式。在实际应用中，有时情况较为复杂，但在现代英语中基本遵循如下原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。第11页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三语法一致原则语法一致原则就是根据主语的语法形式决定其谓语动词的语法形式。主语是单数，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数，谓语动词就用复数形式。例如：A letter has been sent to every student.Two letters have been sent to every student.To treat them
10、in that way is unfair.Smoking cigarettes is dangerous to your health.第12页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三意义一致原则意义一致原则指主谓之间的一致关系不是由主语的语法形式来决定，而是由主语所表达的意义来决定。形式是单数的主语，其谓语可能是复数形式；反之，形式是复数的主语，其谓语有可能是单数。例如：The class are doing experiment on heat and light.The team are playing magnificently.The United States is a country ad
11、vanced in science and technology.Ten dollars is all I have left.Two thirds of the area is under water.第13页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三同一单词作主语，根据其表达意义的不同，有时用单数动词，有时却要用复数动词。例如：The family is the basic unit of the society.The family have agreed among themselves to spend their vacation in Italy.第14页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三就近原则就
12、近原则是指谓语动词与它最近的名词、代词或其他词在人称或数上保持一致。常见于eitheror;Neithernor等并列结构或there,here引导的句子中。例如：Either you or he was wrong.There is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper in the drawer.Not only his children but he himself is hoping to be there.第15页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三上述三条原则的具体应用比较复杂，以下几点需要特别注意：上述三条原则的具体应用比较复杂，以下几点需要特别注意：
13、I.I.谓语动词用单数的情况谓语动词用单数的情况1.one,every,everyone,everybody,no,no one,one of,many a,either,neither,nobody,anyone,somebody,someone等作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Every boy and girl is treated in the same way.Neither of them drinks coffee.Every man and(every)woman has good reason to be proud of the work done by the
14、ir fathers.第16页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三2.a kind of,a sort of,a portion of,a section of,a series of,a succession of,a pair of,a couple of 等修饰主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致原则用单数。例如：A pair of scissors is what he needs now.series of lectures on radio engineering is scheduled.There is a couple of vacant rooms behind the office.
15、3.表示国家、单位、书报等名称或表示时间、距离、体积、度量衡（将它视为一个整体）等的名词或短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：The Netherlands is famous for its tulips.One hundred miles is too far to travel on foot.Ten pounds was missing from the bill.The Thirty-Nine Steps is an interesting novel.第17页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三4.不定式、动名词短语或名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词也要用单数。例如：To master at
16、least a foreign language is very necessary in the present conditions.Forgetting the past means nothing but betrayal.When they will start on their journey hasnt been decided.5.单数词作主语，虽然后面接有including,as well as,together with,in addition to,accompanied by等词连接其他的词，谓语动词仍然用单数。例如：Gold,as well as silver,has
17、 recently risen in price.The factory,with all its equipment,has been burned.John together with his brother has gone to the party.第18页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三1.both,some,few,many,several,the majority(of),the minority(of)等词语作主语或主语修饰语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：Both of them have gone to Shanghai on business.Few of my classmate
18、s really understand me.The majority of(the)doctors believe smoking is harmful to health.2.以复数形式结尾的山脉、群岛、瀑布等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The Niagara Falls are very spectacular.The Philippines are in the Pacific Ocean.II.谓语动词用复数的情况第19页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三3.表示群体或类属的“the+形容词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。例如：The injured were sent to ho
19、spital at once.In many western films,the good are well rewarded and the bad are punished.第20页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三III.谓语动词的单、复数要视情形而定的情况1.由and连接两个主语时，谓语动词一般用复数。例如：Your problem and mine are similar.但当and连接的词语作整体考虑，指同一人、同一事物或概念时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Too much work and too little rest often leads to illness.当and连接两个形容词修
20、饰一个单数名词作主语时，如果指一件事物谓语动词用单数；如果指两件事物则谓语动词用复数。例如：A black and white(黑白相间的)horse was trotting down.The red and the yellow rose are both beautiful.第21页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三2.集合名词如family,group,team,the public,crowd,committee,staff等作主语，表整体意义时用单数；表个体意义时用复数。例如：Our team has won the game.Our team are discussing about
21、how to win.3.一些表示数量的词，如a lot of,any of,most of,half of,two-thirds of,eighty percent of,part of,the rest of,some of,none of,all of等与名词连用时，后面名词用单数则谓语动词用单数；名词用复数，谓语动词也用复数。例如：A large percentage of our pilots retire early.A large percentage of his income is paid in income tax.Most of the book is interesting.Most of the books are informative though a little dull.第22页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三2022/10/16感感谢谢大大家家观观看看第23页，讲稿共23张，创作于星期三