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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练定语从句用法详解英语句子中用来 修饰名词、代词或句子 的从句叫做定语从句；定语从句在句子中的作用相当于形容词,因此也被称为形容词性从句,它可以用来修饰一个名词或代词,也可用来修饰句子中的某个短语,甚至整个句子；1. 被定语从句修饰的词称为 先行词 ；2. 引导定语从句的词被称为关系词 ,它包括关系代词和关系副词两种；I 定语从句中关系词的分类及用法关系词不仅在先行词与定语从句之间起 连接作用 ,而且作从句中的一个 成分 ；关系词 例词 所 修 饰 的 先 在 从 句 中 所 省略情形行词 作成分关系代词 who 人 主语、宾语 作 宾
2、语 时 可省略关系代词whom 人宾语可省略关系代词which 物主语、宾语作 宾 语 时 可省略关系代词that 人或物主语、宾语、作 宾 语 时 可关系代词as 人、物或事表语省略主语、宾语不省略关系代词whose 人或物定语不省略关系副词when 时间名词时间状语不省略关系副词where 地点名词地点状语不省略关系副词why 缘由名词缘由状语不省略II 定语从句的分类依据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度,定语从句可分为 限制性定语从句、 非限制性定语从句 和间隔式定语从句；1. 限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制与确定的作用,如去掉它,先行词便不能明确表示其所指对象,因
3、此,限制性定语从句和它的先行词所指意义有着不行分割的联系,不能用逗号与先行词隔开；1）He has two sons who work in the same company. 他有两个在同一家公司工作的儿子；2）Ill never forget the day when we first met each other. 我将永久忘不了我们初次见面的那一天；3）This is the factory where/in which I worked ten years ago. 这是我十年前工作过的工厂；2. 非限制性定语从句：非限制性定语从句对先行词或主句起补充说明的作用,即使省去也不影响主句
4、的语义完整性；用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句与先行词或主句之间常Yesterday Jimmy left for Canada, where he had stayed for two years. 昨天吉米动身到加拿大去了,他曾在那儿呆过两年；We have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from America. 我们有三个外教,其中两个来自美国；名师归纳总结 3. 间隔式定语从句：间隔式定语从句是指为了某种特别的需要,与先行词分别的定语从句；1 第 1 页,共 10 页高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）- - - - - - -精选学习资料
5、 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练The day will come when the people all over the world will win peace. 全世界人民得到和平的日子就要到来了；There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, of which five are mine. 书架上共有十一本书,其中五本是我的；III 关系代词引导的定语从句 1. 关系代词的 作用 ：1）代替先行词 2）连接先行词与定语从句 3）在定语从句中作句子成分 留意：关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：1）依据所引导的从句的 限制性 和
6、非限制性 ；2）依据所替代的先行词是指 人仍是指 物 ；3）依据它在从句中所充当的成分 -主语、宾语、表语或定语；2. 关系代词的用法：关系代词指代的是先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语等；作宾语时,口语中常可以省略；假如关系代词作介词的宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时,关系代词不能省略；1）who; whom; whose who, whom 二者都用于指人；who 在定语从句中作主语、宾语 ,whom 在定语从句中作宾语 ；作宾语时二者可以换用,也可省略；但在宾语且介词提到关系代词的前面时,关系代词不能省略；The policeman to whom I spoke is my brot
7、her. 刚才和我讲话的那个警察是我弟弟；（作介词宾语）He is a man who doesnt care about anything. （作主语）他是个对什么都不在乎的人；Yesterday I happened to meet the professor who/whomI got to know at the party. 昨天我碰巧遇见了那位我在一次聚会上熟悉的教授；（作动词宾语）whose 一般指人,但有时也指物,在定语从句中作定语 ,表示所属关系；This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. 这就是那位拥有杰
8、出成就的科学家；Look out. Dont get too close to the house whose roof is under repair. 当心！不要太靠近屋顶正在修理的房子；留意：（1）whose 有时可用 “ of which/whom+ 限定词 +n.” 或“ 限定词 +n.+of which/whom”替代；You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. = You are the only one of whom the advice/the advice of whom he might listen to
9、. 只有你的建议他可能会听；（2）当定语不表示所属关系,而是指代所提到的内容时,用 which 引导非限定性 定语从句,译为“ 而这个（些）” ；I told him to see a doctor, which advice he took. 我叫他去看医生, 他听取了这个建议； （which 指看医生一事, 而非医生的建议）2）which : which 指代事物,可做主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略；The letter which came this morning is from my father. 今日早晨收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的；（作主语）This is the necklac
10、e whichI received as a birthday present. 名师归纳总结 高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）2 第 2 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练这就是我收到的作为生日礼物的那条项链；（作宾语）在非限制性定语从句中,只用 which ；The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 我们上个月买的这幢房子很美丽；位于介词后指物的关系代词只用 which ；The house in which I used to live has become
11、 a shoe shop. 我过去住的那所房子现在变成了一家鞋店；3）that指人或物,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语；作宾语或表语时可以省略；The picture that we are studying was drawn by a fifteen-year-old student. 我们正在讨论的这幅画是一个十五岁的同学画的；This is the book that has been translated recently by this young man. 这就是那个年轻人最近翻译的那本书；留意： 限制性定语从句中,必需用关系代词 that 的情形 ：（ 1）当先行词是不定代词al
12、l, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing,something, none, the one等时,只能用that；Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself. 你仍有什么想要为自己辩解的吗？You should hand in all that you have. 你应当把你拥有的一切都上交；（ 2）当先行词被the only, the very （恰恰,正好）,the right 等词修饰时,只能用that；This is the very person that I
13、m waiting for. 这正是我在等的人；The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. 我们能做的唯独的事情是给你供应资金；（ 3）先行词有 序数词或形容词最高级 最高级时只用 that；修饰时或者先行词本身就是序数词或形容词What is the first American film that you have seen. 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是已经被采纳的抵制污染的正确方法；（ 4）先行词 既有
14、人又有物 时只能用 that；The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Childrens Palace. 客人们高度颂扬了他们在少年宫看到的这些孩子及他们的表演；Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about. 你知道他们在谈论的人和事吗？（ 5）当主句的 主语 是疑问词 who 或 which 时只用 that；Which is the bike that you lost. 哪一辆是你丢
15、的自行车？Who is the boy that won the gold medal. 获得金奖的那个男孩是谁？（ 6）当先行词在 主句中作表语 ,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时,只用 that；Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be. 名师归纳总结 高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）3 第 3 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练上海不再是过去的上海了；（ 7）以 here 或 there 开头的句子只能用 that；Here is a hotel that youve
16、 been looking for. 这就是你始终在找的旅社；There is still a seat in the corner that has not been taken. 在角上仍有一个未被占的座位；（ 8）句子中有 两个定语从句 时,其中 一个 已用关系代词 反之亦然；which ,另一个 宜用 that ,They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们隐秘地建起了一个小工厂,这个工厂生产会引起污染的东西；Let me show you the
17、 novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我把从新开放的图书馆借来的那本小说拿给你看看；4）as 引导定语从句主要用于两种情形：一种是 限制性定语从句,先行词由 so, such 或 the same 修饰；一种是修饰整个主句的 非限制性定语从句；（1）用于先行词前由 as, so, such, the same 修饰的限制性定语从句：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料；（as 作主语）Yo
18、u can take as many as you need. 你需要多少就拿多少； （其次个 as作宾语）He is not the same man as he was. 他和过去不同了； （as 作表语）留意： the same . that 也常在定语从句中显现,但它表示“ 同一个,就是那一个” 的意思；the same .as 表示“ 与 .同样的” ,但不是同一个；This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那本书；This is the same book as I lost yesterday. 这与我昨天丢的那本书
19、一样；such. as. 引导的定语从句与such.that.引导的状语从句的区分：He is such a clever boy as everyone likes. （定语从句）他是一个人人都宠爱的聪慧孩子；He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him. （状语从句）他是如此聪慧的孩子以至于人人都宠爱他；（2）as 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词一般是整个句子,常显现在以下短语中：as we all know 大家都知道 as often happens 这常常发生as I can remember 正如我所记得的 as we expect
20、正如我们预料的那样它引导的从句可以位于主句前,也可以位于主句后,仍可以位于主句中间；He is a great hero, as is described in the report. 正如报道中描述的那样,他是一个宏大的英雄；She is a famous film star, as we all know. （as用作主语,位于主句后）我们都知道,她是一个闻名的影星；（as作宾语,位于主句后）4 高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练留意： as与 which 引导非限定性
21、定语从句的区分：as与 which 引导的非限定性定语从句都可以修饰整个主句,都可在从句中作主语、宾语、表语；（1）as 引导的从句表示说话人对话语的看法、态度、说明或评论,意为“ 正如,像,由 .而知,与 .一样” ,翻译时有时可不必译出；常作实义动词（如 see, know, hear, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expect, guess等）的宾语；As we had expected, the plan worked out very well. （ as作宾语）正如我们所料,这个方案结果特别好；当 as在从句中作主语时,后面常接动词的被动语态
22、；She has been absent again, as is expected. 她又缺席了,这在预料之中；as 引导的非限制性定语从句,既可在主句前,也可在主句后,仍可在主句中；As everyone knows, Shakespeare is a famous writer. Shakespeare, as everyone knows, is a famous writer. Shakespeare is a famous writer, as everyone knows. 众所周知,莎士比亚是一位闻名的作家；（2）which 引导的此类从句对主句所表达的事情进行补充说明,说明事
23、物的状态或结果； which 此时指前面主句提到的这件事,常译为“ 这一点,这件事” 等；which 在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语或宾语,这时它所引导的从句与主句之 间常含有并列、因果关系；Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试,这件事让办公室里全部的人都感到惊讶；which 引导的非限制性定语从句,主句与从句通常用逗号隔开,which 只能位于 被修饰句子的后面；The weather turned out to be very good, which was more
24、than we could expect. 结果天气很好,超出了我们的预料；当非限定性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which ；He came here very fast, which was unexpected. not expected. 他迟到了,这是意料之外的；当非限制性定语从句的谓语是一个复合宾语结构时,一般用 which ；She was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which, of course, made the others unhappy. 她总是吹嘘自己在剧中的角色,这当然使得其他人不兴奋；
25、Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange. 贝蒂总是说谎,她的父母觉得古怪；IV 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语 ；关系副词在定语从句中不可省略；1）when 的用法 ： when 指时间,在从句中作时间状语；它的先行词通常为 time, day, date, morning, night, week, year 等表示时间的 名词,有时 when 也可以和部分介词一起引导定语从句；Do you know the date when Lincoln was bor
26、n. 你知道林肯的诞生日期吗？高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练She went to Japan two years ago, since when I havent heard from her. 她两年前去了日本,从那以后我没有收到过她的来信；2）where 的用法 ：where 指地点,在从句中作地点状语；它的先行词通常为place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country 等表示地点的名词； where 引
27、导的定语从句 仍可以放在 from 后；This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这就是我去年呆过的山村；The little boy hid himself behind the door, from where he could see his mum enter the room. 那个小男孩躲在门后,从那里他可以观察他妈妈进入房间；3）why 的用法 ：why 指缘由或理由,它的先行词只有reason, 在定语从句中作缘由状语；Is this the reason why she refused our offer.
28、这就是她拒绝我们帮忙她的理由吗？I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting. 我来是为了向你说明我当时没到会的缘由的；4）关系副词的省略：在表示方式、 时间或地点的先行词后,常用 that 来替代 in which, when, where; that 也可以省略； that 在句中充当副词使用,只引导定语从句,不作任何成分； 被修饰的先行词常为the way（方法）,the time（次数）,the direction （方向）,the days,the places等；Can you
29、work out a way that/in which we can solve this problem. 你能找出一种我们能够解决这个问题的方法吗？This is the third time that/for which he has been late this week. 这是他本周内第三次迟到；Then came the day that/when/on which he had to leave. 到了他必需走的日子了；V“ 介词 +which/whom ” 引导的定语从句“ 介词 +which ” 可以替代when, where, why等；“ 介词 +whom/whose
30、” 在定语从句中没有与之对应的替代词；1. 替代 when Ill never forget the days on which when we studied together. 我永久忘不了我们一起学习的日子；The year in which when the earthquake happened was 1976. 地震发生的那年是 1976 年；2. 替代 where This is the town in which where Shakespeare was born. 这是莎士比亚诞生的城镇；I forgot the exact place in which where I
31、had hidden the box. 我遗忘了埋藏这盒子的准确地点；3. 替代 why Theres no reason for which why we shouldnt be friends. 我们没有理由不能称为伴侣；Id like you to explain the reason for which why you were absent. 我想让你说明一下你没来的缘由；高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练4. 替代 that There are variet
32、ies of ways in which that we can solve this problem. 我们有许多方法可以解决这个问题；March is the best time in which/ during which that farmers plough their fields. 三月是农夫耕地的正确时间；5. “ 名词 /代词 +介词 +关系代词” 结构此 类 结 构 常 见 的 有 “some/several/a few/ a little/many/more/most/the largest land+of+which/whom ” 等形式；Here are the qu
33、estions, some of which I thought difficult for you. 问题都在这儿,其中一些我认为对你来说太难；Present at the meeting were almost experts on DNA, most of whom came from the US. 出席会议的大都是 DNA 方面的专家,其中大部分来自美国；6. 关系代词前介词的确定；1）依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定 I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.
34、 我买了许多书,这些书花了我积攒的全部钱；（ on 依据 spend.on 确定的）Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家特别投入的事业；（to 依据 be devoted to 确定的）2）依据与先行词搭配的详细意义而定；In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1,000 people now work. 在十年的时间里,
35、吉尔从在邮局做起,始终做到开公司,现在有 上班；1,000 多人在他的公司Ill never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country. 我永久不会遗忘我在乡村度过的时间；3）依据所表达的意思来确定；The colorless gas without which we cannot live is called oxygen. 这种无色的,离了它我们不能活的气体就是氧气；Youve anyway made some mistakes, except for which your performance wo
36、uld be the best. 你不知为什么犯了几个错误,要不是这几个错误,你的表演将会是最好的；留意： 1）在英语中有时为了强调某一名词,不定式前也可加上关系词；Here is the money with which to buy a piano. = Here is the money to buy a piano with. 这就是买钢琴的钱；2）有些“ 动词 +介词” 短语（如 look for, look after, call on 等）假如介词提前将会失去动词短语的意义,所以不行把介词置于关系代词前；My younger brother, after whom I have
37、to look, is demanding. My younger brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding. 我得照看我的小弟弟,真是让人费神；VI 关系词的省略1. 关系代词的省略1）关系代词在从句中作动词宾语时可省略；I have never regretted the decision that/which I made years ago. 我从来没为我几年前作出的打算感到懊悔；名师归纳总结 高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）7 第 7 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - -
38、四维训练I have been to the city twice that/ which you just visited. 你刚参观完的那座城市我去过两次；2）关系代词在从句中作表语时可省略；After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy who/ that he used to be. 二十年后,约翰逊不再是当年那个调皮的男孩子了；The village is not the one that it was years ago. Great changes have taken place. 这个村庄不再是多年前的样子了,已经
39、发生了庞大的变化；3）关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,而介词在从句句尾时可省略；Generation gap is a problem that people are interested in. 代沟是人们感爱好的问题；Pamelas health is the biggest thing which/that her parents are greatly concerned about. 帕米勒的健康问题是她父母最担忧的事情；2. 关系副词的省略 1）先行词 the place 后的关系副词可省略；Thats the place where he lived when he was in
40、Paris. 这就是他在巴黎时所住的地方；2）先行词 the reason 后面的关系副词可省略；The reason why he did that is quite clear. 他那样做的理由是特别清晰的；3）当先行词是 way 时,关系副词常常省略；I appreciate the way that you teach us. 我宠爱你教我们的方式；VII 定语从句中需留意的问题 1. 关系代词与关系副词的判定依据 依据 用法依据从句谓语动词依据先行词可在从句中作的成分是及物动词,后面如无宾语,用关系代词；是不及物动词就用关系副词；把先行词放进定语从句中,如可作主语、宾 语、定语用关系
41、代词；作状语就用关系副词；1）This is the factory where he used to work. 这是他以前工作过的那家工厂；（work 是不及物动词）This is the factory that/which I visited last year. 这是我去年参观过的那家工厂；（visit 是及物动词）2）Is this the museum that/which you visited a few days ago. 这就是你几天前参观的那家博物馆吗？（从句缺宾语）Is this the museum where the exhibition was held. 这就
42、是举办展览的那座博物馆吗？（从句缺状语）高中英语语法学问点详解（定语从句）8 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四维训练2. 限定性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区分区分点限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句限制程度不行或缺,去掉后主句意思不补充说明主句, 去掉不影响主句子结构明确句意义的完整先行词与从句间没有逗号先行词与从句间用逗号分开翻译方式一般译成前置定语一般译成并列句关系词的省略作宾语的关系代词可以省略任何关系代词均不行省略,且不行用关系代词that A doctor is a person who looks a
43、fter peoples health. 医生就是照料人们健康的人；She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已经完成了她的工作,我对此深表怀疑；We all honor and respect Albert Einstein, who is the greatest physicist in the world. 我们都敬重爱因斯坦,他是世界上最宏大的物理学家；留意： 当先行词是整个主句、专出名词或先行词有物主代词、制性定语从句；3. 定语从句与同位语从句的区分 1）相同点：定语从句和同位语从句都修饰名
44、词；2）不同点：句法作用不同：指示代词修饰时,一般用非限定语从句起修饰限制作用,用来说明名词的性质、特点、来源出处等,属于形 容词性从句范畴；同位语从句是用来对前面具有详细信息内容或肯定内涵的名 词,如 idea, fact, news, hope, suggestion, proposal, thought, doubt 等作进一步的解 释和说明,属于名词性从句的范畴；（1）先行词不同 ：定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或是整 个主句,同位语从句的先行词只能是一个抽象名词；（2）引导词不同 ：定语从句的引导词有that, which, who, whom, whose, whe
45、n, where, why, 介词 +which/whom 等；同位语从句的引导词除有 that, who, why, where, when 之外仍 有 whether, how, what；（that 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略；然而在同位语从句中,that 只起连接作用,无意义,不作任 何成分且不行以省略； ）I have no idea what has happened to him. 我不知道他发生了什么事；（同位语从句,补充说明idea 的内容）I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺假如谁让我自由,我就让他特别富有；