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1、-1-20132013 年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版年高考第二轮复习英语安徽版专题升级训练十四专题升级训练十四史地、自然、科普、新闻类阅读理解（一）史地、自然、科普、新闻类阅读理解（一）AThe Alps are the youngest and highest mountain system in Europe.They stretchacross the western and southern part of the continent in a broad arc.The mountainrange starts near the Mediterranean Sea on the bor
2、der between France and Italy.Thenit curves north and eastward through northern Italy，Switzerland，Liechtenstein，southern Germany，Austria and Slovenia.The Alps are about 1,000 km long，and the broadest section is over 260 km wide.Thehighest peak，Mont Blanc，situated on the border between France，Italy an
3、d Switzerland，rises 4,807 meters above sea level.Other famous peaks are the Monte Rosa，theMatterhorn，the GroBglockner and the Zugspitze.Millions of years ago the area of todays Alps was covered by a large sea thatseparated Europe and Africa.The southern land mass started moving northwards.Thismoveme
4、nt folded rock layers at the bottom of the sea.Heat and pressure transformedthe rock and pushed the_material upwards.Today these regions are the highest partsof the Alps.Most of the newly formed rock is granite and gneiss，but many ranges consistof limestone which also formed on the seabed.During the
5、 Ice Age，which started about a million years ago，the Alps were coveredwith a thick blanket of snow.Glaciers moved down valleys and made them wider anddeeper.As they moved they took rock and other material with them，creating moraines（冰碛）When glaciers started to melt water filled up behind these natur
6、al dams andcreated the alpine lakes we know today.The largest of these glaciers is the Aletsch in Switzerland which reaches a lengthof about 25 km.The longest glacier of the eastern Alps is the 8 km long Pasterze，at the foot of the GroBglockner.The ice and snow of the alpine regions helped create th
7、e large rivers of today：the Rhine，Rhone，Danube and the Po.1From the first two paragraphs we know the Alps _.Aare about 260 km wideBstretch across the western part of AfricaCare the youngest mountain system in the worldDhave the highest peak 4,807 meters above sea level2What does the underlined phras
8、e“this material”in Para.3 refer to?ASea water and rock.BRock that was transformed.CRock layers that were folded.DLimestone which was on the seabed.3It can be inferred from the passage that the Alps were formed _.Abefore the Ice AgeBduring the Ice AgeCbecause of seas movementDbecause of glaciers move
9、ment4From the passage we know Danube is _.Aa kind of rockBone of the Alps famous peaksCthe name of a riverDone of the largest glaciersBNanoparticles（纳米粒子）are everywhere，from cosmetics and clothes，to soda-2-and snacks.But as common as they are，they also have a downside，say researchers atBinghamton Un
10、iversity and Cornell University in a recent paper published in thejournal Nature Nanotechnology.These tiny particles，even in low doses，could havea big impact on our longterm health.According to the lead author of the article，Gretchen Mahler，assistant professorof bioengineering at Binghamton Universi
11、ty，much of the existing research on the safetyof nanoparticles has been directly related to health effects.But what Mahler and ateam of researchers really wanted to know was what happens when someone gets constantexposure in small dosesthe kind youd get if you took a drug or supplement thatincluded
12、nanoparticles in some form.“We thought that the best way to measure the more subtle（精细的）effects ofthis kind of intake was to monitor the reaction of intestinal（肠道的）cells，”saidMahler.“And we did this in two ways：through human intestinallining cells that wehad cultured in the lab，and through the intes
13、tinal linings of live chickens.Bothsets of results pointed to the same thingthat exposure to nanoparticles influencesthe absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream.”The uptake of iron was of particular interest due to the way it is absorbed andprocessed through the intestines.“What we found was th
14、at for brief exposures，ironabsorption dropped by about 50 percent，”said Mahler.“But when we extended thatperiod of time，absorption actually increased by about 200 percent.It was veryclearnanoparticles definitely affect iron uptake and transport.”While brief oral exposure disrupted intestinal iron tr
15、ansport，longtime exposurecaused intestinal cells to be larger and broader，thus allowing iron to enter thebloodstreammuchfaster.“Theintestinalcellsareagatewaythatingestednanoparticles must go through to get to the body，”said Mahler.“We monitored ironabsorption and found that the polystyrene nanoparti
16、cles affected the absorptionprocess and caused a physiological response.”5What is the best title for the passage?ANanoparticles are common in our life.BNanoparticles have an effect on our health.CWe should know more about nanoparticles.DThe intake of nanoparticles should be banned.6Gretchen Mahlers
17、research is to _.Ameasure the direct health effects of iron uptakeBfind out the effect of longtime exposure to nanoparticlesCexplore how to reduce the effects of nanoparticlesDstudy how nanoparticles affect chickens7The underlined word“disrupted”in the last paragraph probably means“_”AdisorderedBben
18、efitedCdiscoveredDfollowed8In which part of a magazine can this passage most likely be found?AScience.BHistory.CEntertainment.DEconomy.CClimate change is threatening to redraw the worlds wineproducing map，and theeffects are already being seen in earlier harvests and coarser（更为粗糙、劣质的）wines.“The conse
19、quences of global warming are already being felt.Harvests are already-3-coming 10 days earlier than before in almost all grapegrowing regions，”said BernardSeguin，theheadofclimatestudiesatFrancesINRAagriculturalresearchinstitute.He was speaking at the opening of the Second International Congress on W
20、ineand Climate Change.“Wine and wineproducing will change in a way that will dependon how we face global warming，”said Seguin.“If the temperature rises two or threedegrees centigrade，we could manage to see Bordeaux remain as Bordeaux，Rioja as Rioja，Burgundy as Burgundy.But if it goes up five or six
21、degrees，we must face up to hugeproblems，and the changes will be hard，”he said.Grapes are damaged if they ripen too quickly，due to higher temperatures and alack of rain.“When a grape matures more quickly，you get higher concentrations ofsugar，lower acidity（酸性）and a higher PH level，”said Fernando Zamor
22、a of theoenology faculty（葡萄酒酿造学系）at the University of Tarragona in Spain.The resultis coarser wines，with a higher alcohol level and lower acidity which can destroythe delicate flavor of good quality wines，he said.It would also lead to higher prices in countries which tax wine according to itsalcohol
23、 level.“The types of wines will change in almost all regions，”said VicenteSotes，a professor at the Polytechnic University.And some regions which still producegood wine would no longer benefit from the ideal climatic conditions that areresponsible for their fame.“The French will have problems，especia
24、lly in the Bordeaux region，”said PanchoCampos，the president of the Wine Academy of Spain，who organized the Barcelonaconference.“German producers on the banks of the Rhine will be the least at risk，”hesaid.The French“Grand Crus”could be further threatened by the“New World”winesof Australia，California
25、，Chile，Argentina，South Africa and New Zealand，which wouldhave the best climatic conditions.“The countries in the southern hemisphere（半球）are next to a greater mass of water，and it is sea currents that maintain thetemperature at its level，”said Campos.9Whats the main idea of the passage?AHow we should
26、 fight against the climate change.BEarlier harvests are the causes of coarser wines.CWine production is threatened by the climate change.DGlobal warming is very serious in many countries.10A brand of wine with poor quality bears the feature of _.Aa lower alcohol levelBa lower PH levelCa lower acidit
27、y levelDa lower sugar level11It can be inferred from the passage that _.Awines of lower alcohol level are taxed more heavilyBclimate is a very important factor in wine producingCFrance is a leading wine producer in the worldDGerman wine producers face threatens from other countries12The last paragra
28、ph indicates that _.Awines produced in the countries in the southern hemisphere have low pricesBFrench wine producers face more threats from the rise of temperatureCthe southern countries have much higher temperature compared with the northDthe countries in the southern hemisphere would have ideal c
29、limate for wineproducingDScientists think it will be possible to record peoples dreams and then interpret-4-them.They claim to have developed a system which allows them to record higher levelbrain activity.Dr Moran Cerf told the journal Nature：“We would like to read peoplesdreams.”Previously the onl
30、y way to access peoples dreams is for psychologists toask about them after the event and try to interpret them.Dr Cerf hopes to eventually compare peoples memories of their dreams with anelectronic picture of their brain activity.He told the BBC：“Theres no clear answeras to why humans dream.And one
31、of the questions we would like to answer is when dowe actually create this dream.”The scientist believes his latest research shows that certain neurons（神经元）or individual brain cells are linked with specific objects or concepts.He found thata particular neuron lit up when a volunteer thought about Ma
32、rilyn Monroe.If a databasewas built up identifying various neurons with concepts，objects and people，it wouldallow them to“read the subjects minds”，according to Dr Cerf.However，Dr RoderickOner，a clinical psychologist and dream expert，said that this kind of picture wouldbe of limited help when it came
33、 to interpreting the“complex dream story”In order to get a detailed picture of individual neurons，scientists had to haveelectrodes（电极）implanted deep in the brain by using surgery.The Nature researchersused data from patients who had electrodes implanted to monitor and treat them forbrain seizures.Ho
34、wever，Dr Cerf said he hoped that it would be possible at a laterstage to monitor people without invasive surgery.He said it would be“wonderful”to be able to read the minds of coma（昏迷的）patients who are unable to communicate.13How did we record and interpret our dreams in the past?AWe couldnt do that
35、because of our limited science knowledge.BOnly some scientists could do that with some special systems.CEveryone could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.DPsychologists could do that by asking about the dreamers after the event.14What can be inferred from the 3rd paragraph?ADr Cerf
36、s latest research is really a success.BDr Cerfs latest research turns out to be a failure.CNot all scientists are in favor of Dr Cerfs opinion.DAll scientists think Dr Cerfs research is ridiculous.15Why did scientists have electrodes implanted deep in the brain?ABecause they wanted to gain a more cl
37、ear image of individual neurons.BBecause they hoped to find a new way of curing the patients brain seizures.CBecause they could get the data that would be used for treating brain seizures.DBecause they wanted to read the minds of coma patients unable to communicate.16Which of the following can be th
38、e best title of the passage?AA famous scientist，Dr CerfBScientists plan to record peoples dreamsCWhen do we actually create this dreamDRoderick Oner，a clinical psychologist and dream expertEChildren in Somalia are suffering some of the highest malnutrition（营养不良）rates in the world，says the United Nat
39、ions as drought continues to affect the country.An UN official told the BBC that about two and a half million people had beenaffected.She said there had been complete crop failure in southern Somalia and thatmany had lost their livelihoods（生活来源，饭碗，生计）The country has also beenravaged by two decades o
40、f violence.“Many people are leaving rural areas to searchfor work in Somali towns，while others are quitting the country altogethergoingto Kenya and Yemen，”said Grainne Moloniy of the UN Food and AgriculturalOrganization.-5-“One in four children is malnourishedthats one of the highest rates in thewor
41、ld，”she told the BBCsWorld Today.The rains have either failed or been inadequate for several seasons，fields areparched，and livestockthe mainstay of the economyare dying.“People are becomingmore dependent on money from their relatives abroad，”Ms Moloniy said.However，the Somali diaspora（海外索马里人）have be
42、en hit by the global economic crisis，and in the past few years have been unable to send as much money home.“UN agencies and other humanitarian groups are also short of fundsthe UN hasonly raised a third of what it needs for food aid for Somalia，”Ms Moloniy said.“With no end to the drought in sight，a
43、nd insecurity continuing in many partsof Somalia，it is likely the situation will get worse before it gets better，”saysBBC Africa analyst Mary Harper.The country has experienced more than 20 years of conflict，with Islamistinsurgents fighting forces of the transitional government，backed by peacekeeper
44、sfrom the African Union.17Drought in southern Somalia has resulted in _.AviolenceBa small number of children going hungryCglobal economic crisisDmillions of people losing their livelihoods18What does the underlined word“ravaged”in Paragraph 3 mean?ADestroyed.BProtected.CControlled.DFrightened.19Whic
45、h of the following statements is true?AThe UN and other humanitarian groups have collected enough money to help peoplein Somalia.BSomalia diaspora have been unable to send much money home to their poorrelatives.CSomalia has the largest number of children suffering from malnutrition.DThe drought will
46、 soon be over.20Where do you think the passage is taken from?ANewspaper.BIntroduction.CTextbook.DLiterature magazine.-6-参考答案参考答案1.答案：答案：D解析解析：细节理解题。由第二段的第二句话可知阿尔卑斯山脉的最高峰勃朗峰海拔 4807米。2.答案：答案：B解析：解析：词义猜测题。根据该句的结构“Heat and pressure transformed the rock andpushed the material upwards.”可知该词语指代前面的 the rock
47、，故选 B 项。3.答案：答案：A解析：解析：推理判断题。根据第三、四段的首句，可以推断出阿尔卑斯山脉是在冰河世纪之前形成的，故选 A 项。4.答案：答案：C解析：解析：细节理解题。由文章最后一段可知 Danube（多瑙河）是由阿尔卑斯山脉的冰雪融化形成的大河之一。5.答案：答案：B解析解析：主旨大意题。第一段提出了文章的主旨。根据第一段中的“These tiny particles，even in low doses，could have a big impact on our longterm health”可知，答案为 B项。6.答案：答案：B解析解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But
48、 what Mahler.was what happens when someonegets constant exposure in small doses.”可知，答案为 B 项。7.答案：答案：A解析：解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中的“What we found was that for brief exposures，iron absorption dropped by about 50 percent.”和“.nanoparticles definitelyaffect iron uptake and transport.”可推断，disrupt 意为“干扰”，故答案为 A 项。8.
49、答案：答案：A解析：解析：推理判断题。本文介绍了关于纳米粒子的最新研究成果，属于科学方面，故答案为 A 项。9.答案：答案：C解析：解析：主旨大意题。文章第一段是本文的主题句，提到气候变化对葡萄酒生产的影响及后果。10.答案：答案：C解析：解析：细节理解题。题目涉及劣质葡萄酒的特点，原文第三段提到葡萄成熟得太快所导致的葡萄以及葡萄酒的特点。11.答案：答案：B解析：解析：推理判断题。文章一直在论述气候变化对葡萄酒生产产生很大影响，据此推出气候对葡萄种植和葡萄酒生产十分重要。12.答案：答案：D解析：解析：推理判断题。从最后一段最后一句中可知“南半球这些国家邻近大片海域，海流可维持适宜的温度”，
50、由此推测出气候变化会使南半球的国家产生适宜种植葡萄的理想气候环境。13.答案：答案：D解析：解析：细节理解题。由第一段最后一句“Previously the only way to access peoplesdreams is for psychologists to ask about them after the event and try to interpretthem.”可知心理学家通过事后询问做梦的人可以记录并解释他们的梦。14.答案：答案：C解析：解析：推理判断题。第三段最后说到另外一位著名的临床心理学家及研究梦境的专家 DrRoderick Oner 认为 Dr Cerf 的