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1、绝密启用前2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试2002年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（科目代码：201）考生注意事项1.答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡指定位置上填写报考单位、考生姓名和考生编号,并涂写考生编号信息点。2.考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。3.选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。4.填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、
2、笔迹清楚；涂写部分必须使用 2B 铅笔填涂。5.考试结束，将答题卡和试题册按规定交回。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名2002 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse ofEnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points).Comparisons were drawn between the d
3、evelopment of television in the 20th century and thediffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened1. As was discussedbefore, it was not2the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic3，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the4o
4、f the periodical. It wasduring the same time that the communications revolution5up, beginning with transport, therailway, and leading6through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures7the20thcentury world of the motor car and the air plane. Not everyone sees that Process in8. It isimp
5、ortant to do so.It is generally recognized,9, that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s, radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately12. As time went by, computers became smallerand mor
6、e powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as13, with display becomingsharper and storage14increasing. They were thought of, like people,15generations,with the distance between generations much16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society” began to be widely used tode
7、scribe the17within which we now live. The communications revolution has18bothwork and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but there have been19view about its economic, political, social and cultural implications. “Benefits” have been weighed20“harmful” outcomes.And generaliz
8、ations have proved difficult.1. AbetweenBbeforeCsinceDlater2. AafterBbyCduringDuntil3. AmeansBmethodCmediumDmeasure4. AprocessBcompanyClightDform5. AgatheredBspeededCworkedDpicked6. AonBoutCoverDoff7. AofBforCbeyondDinto8. AconceptBdimensionCeffectDperspective9. AindeedBhenceChoweverDtherefore10.Abr
9、oughtBfollowedCstimulatedDcharacterized11.AunlessBsinceClestDalthough12.AapparentBdesirableCnegativeDplausible13.AinstitutionalBuniversalCfundamentalDinstrumental14.AabilityBcapabilityCcapacityDfaculty15.Aby means ofBin terms ofCwith regard toDin line with16.AdeeperBfewerCnearerDsmaller17.AcontextBr
10、angeCscopeDterritory18.AregardedBimpressedCinfluencedDeffected19.AcompetitiveBcontroversialCdistractingDirrational20.AaboveBuponCagainstDwithSection IIReading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers o
11、nANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identifyshared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help toshow them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are
12、 in sympathy withtheir point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If youare talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorg
13、anized bosses.Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well becausethe audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown aroundby St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on.Ev
14、eryone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival issuddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food andstomps over to a table by himself. “Who is that?” the new arrival asked St. Peter.“Oh, thats God,”c
15、ame the reply, “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know theexperiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate for you to make apassing remark about the inedible canteen food or the cha
16、irmans notorious bad taste in ties. With otheraudiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparagingremarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoatslike the Post Office or the telephone system.If you fe
17、el awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Includea few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforcedmanner. Often its the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember thata raised eyebrow or
18、 an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at firstyou dont succeed, give up” or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration andunderstatement. Look at your ta
19、lk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about andinject with humor.21. To make your humor work, you should.A take advantage of different kinds of audienceB make fun of the disorganized peopleC address different problems to different peopleD show sympathy for your listeners22. The
20、 joke about doctors implies that, in the eyes of nurses, they are.A impolite to new arrivalsB very conscious of their godlike roleC entitled to some privilegesD very busy even during lunch hours23. It can be inferred from the text that public services.A have benefited many peopleB are the focus of p
21、ublic attentionC are an inappropriate subject for humorD have often been the laughing stock24. To achieve the desired result, humorous stories should be delivered.A in well-worded languageB as awkwardly as possibleC in exaggerated statementsD as casually as possible25. The best title for the text ma
22、y be.A Use Humor EffectivelyB Various Kinds of HumorCAdd Humor to SpeechD Different Humor StrategiesText 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope withwork that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted inrobotic
23、sthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yetto create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence webarely notice but whose unive
24、rsal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to therhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us withmechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual mi
25、niaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are alreadyrobot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracyfar greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of labor
26、saving utility, they will have to operate with lesshuman supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a realchallenge. “While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says Dave Lavery, managerof a robotics program at NASA, “we cant yet give a
27、robot enough common sense to reliably interactwith a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell ofinitial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessorsmight be able to copy the acti
28、on of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun toextend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brains roughly one hundredbillion nerve cells are much more talented and human perception far more complicated t
29、hanpreviously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by afraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidlychanging scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusin
30、gon the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. Themost advanced computer systems on Earth cant approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists stilldont know quite how we do it.26. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in.A the use of machin
31、es to produce science fiction.B the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.C the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D the elites cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means.A programsB expertsC devicesD creatu
32、res28.According to the text, what is beyond mans ability now is to design a robot that can.A fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.B interact with human beings verbally.C have a little common sense.D respond independently to a changing world.29. Besides reducing human labor, robots ca
33、n also.A make a few decisions for themselves.B deal with some errors with human intervention.C improve factory environments.D cultivate human creativity.30. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.A expected to copy human brain in internal structure.B able to perceive abnorm
34、alities immediately.C far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.D best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed tosupply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up
35、 from less than $10last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, whenprices quadrupled, and 1979-1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted indouble-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warnin
36、g of gloom anddoom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could pushthe price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic
37、 consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrolthan it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quitebig changes in the price of crude have a mor
38、e muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings inthe oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.
39、 Software, consultancy and mobiletelephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) richeconomies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest EconomicOutlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, c
40、ompared with $13 in 1998, this wouldincrease the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarterof the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economiesto whichheavy industry has shiftedhave become more energy-intensive, and so
41、 could be more seriouslysqueezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, ithas not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excessdemand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from eco
42、nomic decline. The Economistscommodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%.31. The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_A global inflation.B reduction in supply.Cfast growth in economy.D Iraqs suspension of ex
43、ports.32. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up dramatically if_.A price of crude rises.B commodity prices rise.C consumption rises.D oil taxes rise.33. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_.Aheavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.
44、Bincome loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.Cmanufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.Doil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34. We can draw a conclusion from the text that_.Aoil-price shocks are less shocking now.Binflation seems irrelevant to oil-price sho
45、cks.Cenergy conservation can keep down the oil prices.Dthe price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35. From the text we can see that the writer seems.Aoptimistic.Bsensitive.Cgloomy.DscaredText 4The Supreme Courts decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implicatio
46、ns forhow medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court ineffect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding thatan action having two effe
47、ctsa good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseenispermissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to controlterminally ill patientspain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill
48、 the patient.Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shielddoctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficientmedication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas, chair of the health
49、 law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long asa doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even ifthe patient uses the drug to hasten death. “Its like surgery,” he says. “We dont call those deathshomicides because the doctors didn
50、t intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. Ifyoure a physician, you can risk your patients suicide as long as you dont intend their suicide.”On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debatehas been fueled in part by the despair of p