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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 1 - 一. 预备学问1 文章数量 :3-5 篇和听力相对应 :3 篇阅读 ,9 个听力段子或 2 文章长度 :650-750 词/篇5 篇阅读 ,6 个听力段子 3 题目数量 :12-14 个/篇每篇有一个多项挑选 ,形式为 6 选 3,7 选 5 或 9 选 7 4 测试时间 :20 分钟 / 篇5 测试分数 :0-30 分由原始分 42 分换算到标准分30 分 1 主题 :辨析文章的主要观点,并与局部小观点区分;辨析段落主题 . 注: 全部文章都有标题2 细节 :概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪 Ge
2、neral statement ideas Some details - TRUE. FALSE. NOT GIVEN. 3 词汇 :辨析词汇和短语的含义, 并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义:认知 一词多义; 词汇推断4 推断 :依据上下文推断出隐匿的信息5 态度 :依据文章描述判定作者意图和态度:WHY 目的 ;HOW 手段 . 6 结构 :判定句子和句子之间的规律关系 ,并确定段落的结构托福阅读是以句子为核心的3.阅读的本质 : 1 猎取有效信息2 排除阅读障碍4.文章结构特点1 文章主体分为结构主体和细节主体 . . 结构主体 支撑 : 主题段 文章的前几段 和主题句 每段的前几句
3、. . 细节主体 填充 2 文章具体结构如下 : . Intro: background 细节 & topic 结构 . Body: sub-topic 结构 , analysis 细节 & evidence 细节 . Conclusion: topic 结构 1 快速笔记的意义 : . 帮助思维框架形成. 索引功能2 快速笔记的内容.结构主体的核心词;一律记录为数字.时间和数字 :同步记录时间及相应的大事.人名 地名 专出名词 :使用首字母标记.举例主体.新概念和核心概念.重要的规律关系3 快速笔记的简洁符号体系4 快速笔记的重要性和必要性- 阅读中的指导性规律PREDICTING 5 好笔
4、记的特点 : 名师归纳总结 .笔记中有清楚的规律脉络第 1 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 2 - . 依据笔记可以对文章进行有效复述 6.阅读和口语的关系 : 1 标准口语的规律 2 供应口语表达的素材1 句子阅读中的障碍 1 定语 . 前置定语 : adj+n . 后置定语 : n+ adj phrase 形容词短语 : a book useful for you prep phrase 介词短语 : a pen on the desk v-ing/-ed phrase 分词短语 : a pers
5、on walking on the road; a tool developed for the project 不定式 : a way to solve the problem 注: 分词短语作后置定语时 ,其规律主语是其修饰的名词 不定代词只能用后置定语修饰不定式作后置定语其规律主语是第三方 . 定语从句 : : sb use the way to solve the problem 关系代词引导定语从句 : that, which, who, whom, whose 其中 that, which, who, whom 引导的是非完整句 , whose 引导的是完整句 关系连词 : whe
6、n, where, why 在句子中不作成分 , 引导的是完整句介词 + 关系代词 : in which, 此关系代词不包括 what 2 同位语 : 同插入语一样处理- 删除. A, B 定语从句 /同位语从句 . A, or B . A that + 句子 完整句 . A of B: the city of Beijing 3 状语 : 处理方式 - 隔离. Adv 副词. Prep phrase 介词短语. 分词短语. 不定式注: 非谓语动词作状语其规律主语是句子的主语4 并列结构. 并列连词的用法 : 并列连词连接结构 功能 性质均相同的成分- 必需完全对等5 that 引导的各种从句
7、. S+V+THAT+ 句子 完整句 - 宾语从句S+系动词 +表语 +句子 - 表语从句.It + Vi + that +句子句子完整句It + be + adj +that +That + 句子 + V 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc 句子 + 同位语 完整句 - 3 - N+ that +定语从句 非完整句 . S + Vi + that+ 句子 : The sun rises that is bright. S + be + adj + that + 句子 : The des
8、k is clean that is used by the student 定语从句 ; The fact is true that Tom is handsome 同位语从句 . 2 复杂句的阅读方法- 层次化句子阅读法1 括号匹配. 关联词 完整句 . 关联词 + 非完整句 2 化右括号的条件 : . 句子终结. 连接句子的并列连词或标点符号之前例 1: However , for many years physicists thought that atom and molecules always were much more likely to emit light spontan
9、eouslyand that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker 例 2: It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution . 例 3: The history of clinical nutrition,
10、or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances同位语 ,删除 , can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food containe
11、d constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. 例 4: Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDPs drill ship, the Glomar Challenger 同位语 , was able to maintain a steady position o
12、n the oceans surface and drill in very deep water, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor. 例 5: The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in North, though less spectacularly . 例 6: The technique of direct carving was
13、a break with the nineteenth century in which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was then turned over to studio assistant to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble. 例 7: Anyone who has handle a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like it
14、s modern counterpart, the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier独立主格结构 . 例 8: The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made goods since 1790 , North American enterpreneurs-even without the technological improvement-had broadended the scope of
15、 the outwork system that made manufacturing more efficient by distributing materials to succession of workers who each performed a single step of the production process 例 9: The fact that artisanss, who were locked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century, are frequently consider
16、ed artists today is directly attibutable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 4 - 例 10: A few art collectors James Bowdoin III of Boston, William Bbyrd of Virginian, and the Aliens abd Hamiltons of Philade
17、lphia 同位语 introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their galleries, especially aspiring artists and established in their respective communities the idea of the value of art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement. 2 倒装句的阅读方法1 部分倒装处理方法: 把提前的助动词/be 动
18、词 / 情态动词去掉或复原,并按次序懂得 . 2 完全倒装的处理方法.构成主语的成分: 名词代词The + 形容词不定式主语从句动名词. 完全倒装的判定流程例 1: Herein adv lay 宾语 the beginning of what ultimately 最终 turned from ignorance 无 知 to denial of the value of nutrition therapies in medicine 主语 .例 2: Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals 主语 , sometime
19、s easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. 例 3: With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it 独立主格 , young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger famil
20、ies than had their predecessors during the Depression. 没有倒装例 4: Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20years after the Second World War宾语 is the countrys impressive population growth主语 . 句子结构 : adj + prep +B+ be + A = A + be +adj +prep +B 例 5: Among the species of seabirds that use the windsw
21、ept cliff of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate, lay eggs, and rear their young are common murres, Atlantic puffins, black-legged kittiwakes, and northern gannets 主语. 句子结构 : Among A + be + B = B 是 A 的一部分例 6: Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certai
22、n qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. 例 7: Most important perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity 状语 a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of Americas first popular land
23、scapes artist, Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bording the Hudson River. 句型结构 : S + Vt + prep + n1 介词短语 + n2, Vt 的宾语实际上是 n2. 例 8: With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - -
24、 - 4056542819.doc - 5 - sources of inspiration独立主格 , such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium 主语 . 例 9: Accustomed though we are to倒装 speaking of the films made before 1927 as slient, the film has neve
25、r been seen, in the full sense of the word, silent.句型结构 : adj + though + S + be + prep + n = though + S +be + adj + prep + n, 仅发生在让步状语从句中 . 例 10: Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitatshas been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the
26、 number of species in a particular ecosystem同位语 , to the health of the Earth and human well-being 主语 . 句型结构 : the importance of A to B = A 对 B 的重要性例 11: Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration主语
27、 , from town and farm to city, within the United States. 例 12: Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils 虚拟条件句 if it had not been , they might well have been classified as dinosaurs. 4 强调句的阅读方法. 构成： It + be + 强调成分 that/ who+ 其他成分. 留意：把强调结构去掉句子仍旧完整正确的就是强调句强调句不强调形容词和代词例 1: I
28、t was just a decade before this 强调句 that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a vatiety of health-related conditions. 例 2: It was she,
29、 a Baltimore printer , 强调句 who published the first office copies of the Declaraton, the first copie that included the names of its singers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies. 例 3: It was in the cities强调句 that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first a
30、ppeared-the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter , open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy, with an attendant rise in social disorder , and the appearance of factories using coal or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools. 2. 泛读 -
31、快速阅读与有效阅读 1 阅读中的详略结合-SKIMMING 1 需要具体阅读的内容 . 结构主体的内容. 非举例性质的概括描述 . 题目映射回原文的内容2 可以快速浏览的内容名师归纳总结 .大量的数据堆砌第 5 页,共 14 页.明显的举例 : 为何而举 ,举例主体 ,终止位置.比照 类比读一半.让步 转折读一半 转折以后的那一半 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 6 - 2 懂得单位扩大和阅读中规律的构建- 模糊懂得理论 1 阅读中的恶习 - 指读 声读 回读 视角高度过低 二次阅读 2 懂得单位和阅读规律.加大懂得
32、单位 ,变单词为意群组合- 焦点训练法.可以合并为意群的成分: 副词 介词短语 分词短语 非谓语的不定式 主语和谓语或谓语和宾语 固定搭配 例: Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria. Even hard parts left o
33、n the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because
34、the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, erosion. whereas the land is largely the site of Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must prosess hard body parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacter
35、ia. Even hard parts left on the surface for certain length of time will be destroyed. Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion. Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those l
36、iving on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion. .构建阅读规律 , 变翻译为整体懂得- 强调一遍阅读3 文章的类型和题材1 文章类型 : : 参见 OG 第 19 页.顺承式 : 时间准时间进展线索. 线型结构 .伞型结构 .分类式 : 分类方式及类别特点. 树型结构 .问题解决式现象说明式 : 解决方案说明及最终结论2 题材分类. 自然科学a. 生物学植物学 : 植物的分类和特点名师归纳总结
37、动物学 : 动物的分类和行为.鸟类 群体昆虫海洋生物第 6 页,共 14 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 7 - 微生物学 : 真菌 蘑菇 真菌的顽固 b. 地理 地质学 地势 地貌特点 : 成因 分布 气候 生态 影响 地质大事 : 成因或原理 过程 影响 c. 天文学 具体的星体特点 : 基本特点 外形 距离 轨道 旋转 温度 质量 ; 大气层 氢气 氦气 氨气 甲烷 ; 外表特点 ; 水和生命形式 ; 人的探究 天文学大事 : 成因 过程 影响 d. 考古学 古生物 : 恐龙 灭亡 , 鸟类 进化史 pter
38、osaur archaeopteryx modern birds 古代遗址 遗迹 : 中国的古代遗迹灾难性天气 : 成因 过程 危害 预防 天气预报 : 卫星 电脑技术 f. 新技术和新事物 进展史 特点及应用. 人文科学a. 美国历史 土人 : 生活 宗教 艺术都市化过程 : 人口增长城市扩张交通进展经济富强b. 历史学和人类学 原始人生活变迁 : 游牧到定居 农业 古代文明c. 文学 流派 : 产生 思想 代表 作家 : 生平 作品 d. 绘画和雕塑 流派类型 :城市艺术 画家e. 音乐 类型 : country, ragtime乐器f.心理学 : 人类情感分析三. 新托福阅读题型解析 1
39、. 词汇题 Vocabulary Question 1 词汇题简介和提问方式 : 参见 OG 第 25 页 2 词汇题的解答方法 . 熟悉：直接解题,沾边就对；. 不熟悉：推断：从词的本身 上下文：因果比照说明名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 14 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 4056542819.doc - 8 - 代入验证 猜2. 指代题 Reference Question 1 指代题简介和提问方式 : 参见 OG 第 2627 页 2 指代题的解答方法 . 代词a. 从句的主语指代主语的主宾语使用属性判定 ,不用含义 b. 关系代词指代先行
40、词 插入结构不影响指代关系 c. 重复概念指代 : Tom and his cat 就近原就 d. some of others some + n + of + n, others 指名词some + v, some others 共指之前概念. 名词 : a. 优先挑选题干的上下意词a is a kind of A, A 是 a 的上意词b. 假设上下意词不唯独就当作代词指代处理留意 : b. 从句开头往后找答案c. 代词和被指代对象的数性和性质必需一样d. 指代的传递现象Jupiters and other giant planet are of a low-density The wor
41、d they in the passage type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they refers to are composed predominantly of such substances as A nuclear reactions hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane. B giant planets C terrestrial D substances If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then The
42、word which in the passage preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder , refers to and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or A tissues potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, B substances glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly C barriers effective dete
43、rrents to insects that feed on plants. D alkaloids Aciculturists, people who raise birs for commercial The word They in the passage sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural refers to incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue to A birds look for better ways to increase egg production and to B avicuturists improve chick survival rates. C eggs D rates What is particularly meaningful to anthropology is the The word it in the passage refers 名师归纳总结 realization that although the material available to a to 第 8