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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。井控常用英语词汇-Chapter1TheFrequentlyUsed-vocabularyInWellControl1. 井控常用词汇abnormalpressure异常压力(normalpressure,正常压力higher-than-expected/normalpressure,lower-than-normalpressureabnormallyhighpressureabnormallylowpressure2. accumulator储能器3. accumulatorbottle储能器瓶4.
2、 acidfracture酸裂5. adjustablechoke可调节流阀6. annularblowoutpreventer(BOP)环型防喷器(ramBOP)bagBOP7. annularpressure/casingpressure环空压力(套压)(drillpipepressure立压)pitgain8. annularspace环空(annulus)9. annularvelocity环空上返速度10. anticline背斜11. atmosphericpressure大气压(0.1Mpa)(1at)12. backgroundgas背景气13. backoff倒扣/卸扣mak
3、eup14. back-pressure回压check/单向阀15. Backpressurevalve回压凡尔16. non-returnvalve回压凡尔17. bariteBaSO4重晶石18. bariumsulfateBaSO419. barrel(bbl)gallon/加仑1m3=6.2897bbl20. bellnipple钟型导向短节,(喇叭口)21. BHP(bottomholepressure)22. bleed放喷23. bleedline放喷管线24. blindram全封闸板piperam半封闸板shearram剪切闸板25. blindrampreventer全封闸
4、板防喷器26. blowout井喷(kick井涌)27. blowoutpreventercontrolpanel防喷器控制面板console28. blowoutpreventercontrolunit防喷器控制系统29. blowoutsticking井喷卡钻30. BOPstack防喷器组31. bottomholepressuretest井底压力测试/DST-drillstemtest中途测试32. bottomsup上返行程/lagtime33. bottoms-uptime上返时间lagtime迟到时间34. Boyleslaw波依耳定律35. bridgingmaterials桥
5、堵材料36. bullheading压回地层压井法37. casedhole下入套管的井眼openholesection裸眼段38. casing套管collar钻铤39. casingburstpressure套管破裂压力40. casingpoint套管下深41. casingpressure套压42. casingseat套管座43. casingstring套管柱44. cementn.水泥45. cementplug水泥塞46. changeram更换闸板47. charlesslaw查尔斯定律(V1/T1=V2/T2)48. checkvalve单向阀49. choke节流阀50.
6、 chokeline节流管线51. chokemanifold节流管汇/killmanifold52. circulate-and-weightmethod循环加重法53. concurrentmethod/同步法54. circulatingcomponents循环系统55. circulatingdensity循环密度ECD56. circulatingfluid=drillingfluid=mud/slurry57. circulatinghead循环头58. circulatingpressure循环压力59. circulation循环lostcirculation井漏60. cla
7、yhydration粘土水化61. closed-inpressureshut-inpressure关井压力62. concurrentmethod同步法63. conditionv.处理,改善,调整64. connatewater原生水65. connectiongas接单根气66. constantchoke-pressuremethod恒节流压力法67. constantpit-levelmethod恒泥浆池液面法pitgain泥浆池增量68. crystallization结晶地层69. degasser除气器70. diverter分流器71. diverterline分流器管线72
8、. drag旋转阻力73. drillersBOPcontrolpanel司钻控制台74. drillersmethod司钻法wait-and-weightmethod等待加重法/工程师法75. drillingbreak钻速突快/放空76. drillingfluid=drillingmud钻井液77. drillingrate机械钻速ROPrateofpenetrationm/hdrillingtime钻时min/m78. drillingunderpressure/underbalancepressuredrillingUBD欠平衡钻井drillingoverpressure/过平衡ne
9、ar-balancepressuredrilling/近平衡79. drillpipefloat钻杆浮阀80. drillpipepressure立压81. drillpipepressuregauge立压表82. drillpipesafetyvalve钻杆安全阀Kellycock83. drillstem钻柱drillstring84. DST-drillingstemtest/中途测试/unintentionalkick/intentionalkick85. drillunderpressurev.86. ECD-equivalentcirculatingdensity等效/当量循环密度
10、87. entrainedgas气侵气gas-cutmud/气侵泥浆88. explosivefracture爆破压裂89. fault断层90. fillline灌浆管线fill-upline91. filltheholev.灌浆92. fill-uprate灌浆速度93. filtercake滤饼94. filterloss滤失量95. filterpress失水仪96. finalcirculatingpressure/FCP终了循环压力/ICP-initialcirculatingpressure97. flowcheck溢流检测98. formationbreakdownpressu
11、re地层破裂压力/leak-offtest99. formationcompetencytest地层承压能力测试100. formationfluid地层流体101. formationfracturegradient地层破裂压力梯度102. formationpressure地层压力103. formationstrength地层强度104. fracture裂缝105. fracturepressure破裂压力106. frictionloss压耗107. gas气体108. gasbuster=mud-gasseparator泥浆-气体分离器Poorboy109. gas-cutmud气
12、侵泥浆110. gascutting气侵111. gasdetectionanalyzer气体检测仪112. geopressuredshales地压页岩113. geostaticpressure地静压力114. geothermalgradient地温梯度115. guideshoe引鞋116. gunkplug油泥塞117. hangoff118. hardshut-in硬关井119. softshut-in软关井120. head静压头121. holegeometry/holesize井眼尺寸122. hydrauliccontrolpod液控箱123. hydril海德尔/124.
13、 hydrogensulfideH2S125. hydrostaticpressure静液压力126. IADCInternationalAssociationofDrillingContractorsIWCF-forum127. ICP初始循环压力initialcirculatingpressureFCP终了循环压力finalcirculatingpressure123.insideblowoutpreventer钻具内防喷器insideBOPinternalBOP128. interstitialwater原生水=connatewater129. invert-emulsionmud逆乳化
14、泥浆oil-basemud130. Kellycock旋塞upperkellycock上旋塞lowerkellycock下旋塞126kick井涌/overflow127kickfluids井涌流体131. kicktolerance井涌允许量132. killv.压井well-killn.133. killingfluid压井液MWI-mudweightincrease=102Pd/H134. killline压井管线135. killrate压井泵速136. kill-ratepressure压井泵压137. killsheet压井施工单fillin填写133killstring压井管柱le
15、ak-offtest漏失测试138. log测井139. logawellv.测井140. loggingdevice测井仪141. lossofcirculation井漏142. lostcirculation井漏143. lostcirculationadditives堵漏剂140lostcirculationmaterialsLCM堵漏材料141lostcirculationplug堵漏塞142lostreturns井漏143lubricate润滑v.144.macaronistring145.matrixacidizing基岩酸化146maximumallowablesurfacepr
16、essureMASP/MAASP=Pf-Pm最大允许关井套压MACP147measureddepthMD测深层TVD=trueverticaldepth垂深ID内径OD外径148MineralsManagementService149.mudadditive泥浆添加剂150mudanalysislogging泥浆录井151.mudcolumn泥浆柱152.mudconditioning处理泥浆153.muddensityrecorder泥浆密度记录仪154.mud-flowindicator泥浆流速指示器mud-flowsensor155.mud-gasseparator泥浆气体分离器156.
17、mudgradient泥浆压力梯度Gm=0.00981m157.mud-levelrecorder泥浆液面记录仪158.mudlog泥浆日志159.mudlogger泥浆测量员160.mudpit泥浆池161.mudprogram泥浆配方162.mudpump泥浆泵163.mudreturnline/ditch泥浆槽164.mudsystem泥浆体系165.mudtank泥浆罐166.mudweight泥浆比重167.nippleup安装防喷器nippledown拆防喷器168.normalcirculation正常循环169.normalformationpressure正常地层压力0.00
18、981-0.010496Mpa/m170.OCS-OuterContinentalShelf外大陆架171.OCSorders外大陆架法规172.oil-basemud油基泥浆173.oil-emulsionmud油基乳化泥浆174.open裸眼井,空井openhole175.overburdenpressure上覆岩层压力176.permeability渗透性impermeability177.piperampreventer半封闸板防喷器178.pitgain泥浆池增量179.pit-levelindicator/recorder泥浆液面指示器180.pit-volumerecorder泥
19、浆体积记录仪181.PitVolumeTotalizer(PVT)泥浆体积累计器182.plug塞子183.plugback回填v.184.pluggingmaterial填井材料cement185.positivechoke节流negativedifferentialpressure负压差186.poundspercubicfoot磅/英尺3187.poundspergallon(ppg)磅/加仑1g/cm3=8.33ppgfreshwater/brine188.poundspersquareinchgauge(psig)磅/英寸2压力表189.poundspersquareinchperf
20、ootpsi/ft磅/英寸2/英尺-压力梯度单位190.pressuredrop压力降191.pressuregauge压力表192.pressuregradient压力梯度193.pressure-integritytest压力完整性测试194.pressureloss压力损失195.preventerpacker防喷器胶芯196.rateofpenetration(ROP)机械钻速m/hr197.reducedcirculatingpressure(RCP)降低的循环压力SCRslowcirculatingrate198.remoteBOPcontrolpanel=drillsBOPcon
21、trolpanel防喷器遥控面板199.remotechokepanel节流阀遥控面板200.returns返出物201.reversecirculation反循环202reversedrillingbreak钻速突慢203rotatingblowoutpreventer旋转防喷器204rotatinghead旋转头205safetyvalve安全阀206saturationpoint饱和点207setpoint=casingdepth套管下深208settingdepth套管固深209shale页岩/泥页sand210shallowgas浅气层211shearram剪切闸板212shutin
22、v.关井213shut-inn.关井214.shut-inbottomholepressure(SIBHP)215.shut-incasingpressure(SICP)关井套压SIDPP216.shut-indrillpipepressure(SIDPP)关井立压occurakick发生井涌akickhasoccurred217.snub不压井起下钻218.snubber不压井起下钻装置219.snubbingline不压井起下钻管线220.snubbingunit=snubber221.stack防喷器组222.stripawellv.强行起下钻223.stripperhead封井头224
23、.stripperrubber橡胶刮泥器225.stripping强行起下钻作业226.strippingin强行下钻pulloutofthehole227.strippingout强行起钻228.strippipe强行起钻229.stumppressuretest抗冲击压力测试230.subseaBOP海底防喷器231.subseachoke-linevalve海底节流管线阀232.surfacestack地面防喷器组233.surging激动压力234.swabv.抽汲swabbing波动压力-swab-surge235.swabbedshow抽汲显示236.swabbing抽汲效应237
24、.swabbingeffect抽汲效应238.temperaturegradient温度梯度239.totaldepth(TD)总深MD=measureddepth240.transitionzone过渡带241.tripgas起下钻气242.tripmargin起钻安全余量243.triptank灌浆罐244.trueverticalpressure(TVD)垂深245.tubinglesscompletion无油管完井workover/修井servicerig246.undergroundblowout地下井喷247.upperkellycock上旋塞248.wait-and-weight
25、method等待加重法(工程师法)249.water-basemud水基泥浆250.waterhammer水击251.wellbore=well=hole井眼252.wellborepressure井眼压力253.wellcontrol井控254.wellkick井涌255.wetability润湿性256.wildwell失控井/自喷井257.outofcontrolwell失控井Chapter2TheBasicConceptsofWellControl井控的基本概念blowout1.井喷的危害/Theharmsof1.1 井喷失控的危害性/Theharmsofoutofcontrolfor
26、blowoutThinkofdangerintimeofpeace居安思危1.2国内几起典型的井喷事故/Thetypicalblowoutincidentinourcountry2. 井喷失控的原因/Thecausesofoutofcontrolforblowout3. 对井控工作的正确认识/Thecorrectviewtowellcontrol4. 做好井控工作的对策/Thepolicytoimplementwellcontroloperation5. 井控及其相关的概念/wellcontrolandrelevantconcepts5.1 井控/wellcontrol/kickcontrol
27、/pressurecontrol-井控是对油气井压力控制的简称/wellcontroliscontrolabbreviationtooil/gaswellpressure.控制地层压力实现近平衡压力钻井保护油气层提高采收率延长油井使用寿命。5.2 井控的三个阶段/Thethreestageofwellcontrol5.2.1 一级井控/primarywellcontrol一级井控是指利用合理的钻井液密度，正确的技术及操作措施，满足近平衡压力钻井的要求，防止溢流发生，实现安全生产的井控工艺。5.2.2 二级井控/secondarywellcontrol二级井控是指及早发现溢流,迅速实现对井口的控
28、制,用压井工艺重建井内压力平衡的井控工艺。（重点）5.2.3 三级井控/tertiarywellcontrol三级井控是指井喷失控后，重新恢复对井的控制。5.3 井侵/influx当地层压力大于井底压力时,地层孔隙中的流体(油气水)将侵入井内,通常称为井侵。（地面除气设备处理）5.4溢流/overflow地层压力大于井底压力时,地层流体在压力差的作用下向井内流动,这种流动成为溢流。5.5井涌/wellkick溢流进一步发展,钻井液涌出井口的现象称为井涌。5.6井喷/wellblowout：wide-openflow畅喷groundblowout/undergroundblowout地层流体（油
29、气水）无控制的涌入井筒，喷出地面的现象称为井喷。井喷流体自地层经井筒喷出地面叫地上井喷，从井喷地层流入其他低压地层的现象叫地下井喷。5.7井喷失控/outofcontrolforblowout井喷发生后,无法用常规方法控制井口而出现畅喷的现象称为井喷失控。这是钻井过程中最恶性的钻井事故。Chapter3TheVariousPressureConceptInBoreHole井下各种压力的概念压力是井控的最主要的基本概念之一，了解压力的概念及各种压力之间的关系对于掌握井控技术和防止井喷是十分常重要的。/pressureisoneofthemostimportantbasicconcepts.Wes
30、houldknowthepressureconceptsandtherelationbetweenvariouspressure.Thisisveryimportantforustomasterwellcontroltechnologyandpreventfromblowout.1压力概念/pressureconcepts1.1定义/Definition所谓压力是指物体单位面积上所受的垂直力。/pressureistheverticalforceperunitareaexertedbyobject.1.2公式/FormulaP-pressure压力1Pa=1N/m2F-force力NA-are
31、a面积m21.3单位/unit1.3.1MetricSystem-帕(Pa)1Pa=1N/m21Pa是1m2面积上受到1N的力时形成的压力。1N是指质量为1kg的物体获得1m/s2的加速度的力。1MPa=103kPa=106Pa=10bar巴=10.194at(kgf/cm2)10.2at1at=1kgf/cm2=98066.5Pa=98.0665kPa=0.0980665Mpa粗略计算时,可认为:1MPa=10kgf/cm2=10at(误差为2%)1at=100kPa=0.1Mpa1.3.2BritishSystem-psipsi-pounds/inch2(poundspersquarein
32、ch)磅/英寸21psi=6.895kPa7kPa=0.007Mpa1000psi7Mpa5000psi=35Mpa井控中很多压力是由液体和气体产生的，但压力的概念是一样的，所不同的是液体和气体在某点的压力在各个方向都相等。2静液压力/HydrostaticPressure2.1定义/Definition静液压力由静止液体重力产生的压力。HydrostaticPressureistheforceexertedbytheweightofstaticfluid.“hydro”-waterorliquid“static”-atrest2.2公式/FormulaPh=gH=0.00981HMpaPh=
33、gH=0.0981Hbar2.3钻井液的静液压力/HydrostaticPressureofDrillingFluid在钻井作业中,钻井液的静液压力是由井中钻井液重力产生的。Pm=0.00981mHMpa兆帕Where:m-钻井液的密度densityofdrillingfluid.g/cm3(kg/l)H-TVD垂深mForexample:举例m=1.2g/cm3,H=2000m,kg/l计算Calculate:Pm答案Answer:Pm=0.00981mH=0.00981*1.2*2000=23.544(Mpa)3. Indrilling,hydrostaticpressureisthefo
34、rceexertedbydrillingfluidinthewellbore.Whenformationpressureisgreaterthanhydrostaticpressure,formationfluidmayenterthewellbore.Ifformationfluidenterthewellborebecauseformationpressureishigherthanhydrostaticpressure,akickhasoccurred.Ifpromptactionisnottakentocontrolthekick,orkillthewell,ablowoutmayoc
35、cur.Tocontrolawell,aproperbalancebetweenpressureintheformationandpressureinwellboremustbemaintained;Hydrostaticpressuremustbeequaltoorslightlyhigherthanformationpressure.压力梯度/pressuregradient3.1定义/Definition单位垂直深度压力的变化值。Pressuregradientistheamountpressurechangeswithperunittrueverticaldepth.TVD&MD:TD
36、TVDandMDisdiffer,especiallyindirectionallydrilledholes.TVDisthelengthofastraightverticallinefromthesurfacetothebottomofthehole.MDortotaldepthisthelengthofthewellasmeasuredalongtheactualcourseofthehole.3.2公式/formulawhere:G-压力梯度gradient,Mpa/mP-压力pressure,MpaH-垂深TVD,m钻井液的压力梯度：Gm=Pm/H=0.00981m(Mpa/m)例如F
37、orexample:m=1.24g/cm3,H=3353m.计算calculate:GmandPm答案answer:Gm=0.00981m=0.00981*1.24=0.0122(Mpa/m)Pm=GmH=0.0122*3353=40.8(Mpa)3.3英制表示法/ExpressionMethodofBritishSystemg=0.052ft/s2Pm=0.052mHWhere:Pm-静液柱压力hydrostaticpressure,psi-poundspersquareinch.m-密度density,ppg-poundspergallon.磅/加仑H-TVD,ftfoot.换算关系/co
38、nversionrelation:1g/cm3=8.33ppg淡水freshwater1ft=12inch=0.3048m1m=3.2808ft压力梯度公式Gradientformula:G=0.052(psi/ft)例如Forexample:水=8.33ppgG水=0.052*8.33=0.433(psi/ft)磅/英寸2/英尺4. 地层压力/formationpressure4.1定义/definition作用于地层孔隙流体上的压力叫地层压力。Formationpressureistheforceexertedbyfluidsinaformation.Itismeasuredatthede
39、pthoftheformationwiththewellshutin.Itisalsocalledreservoirpressureor,sinceitisusuallymeasuredatthebottomoftheholewiththewellshutin,shut-inbottomholepressure.Pp=Pd+PmSIDPPSICP4.2地层压力的分类/PpThetypeofformationpressure4.2.1正常地层压力/normalformationpressure正常地层压力等于从地表到地下该地层处的静液压力。Normalformationpressureequal
40、tothehydrostaticpressurefromsurfacetotheformation.Pp=Ph=0.00981水HGp=Gh=0.00981水水=1.0-1.07g/cm3Gp=0.00981-0.010496Mpa/mGp=0.0098-0.010486Mpa/m(国内)4.2.2 异常高压/abnormallyhighpressure/higher-thannormalpressure凡压力梯度高于淡水或盐水柱压力梯度的地层压力称为异常高压。Theformationpressuregradientwhichishigherthanthatoffreshwaterorbrin
41、ecolumniscalledabnormallyhighpressure.有时，地层流体与地层的连同通通道常常被封闭或隔层隔段，此时，隔层下部的流体必须支撑上部岩层，岩石重于地层水，所以，地层压力可能超过静液压力，形成异常高压。Trap欠压实的页岩层4.2.3 异常低压/abnormallylowpressurelower-thannormalpressure凡压力梯度低于淡水或盐水柱压力梯度的地层压力称为异常低压。Theformationpressuregradientwhichislowerthanthatoffreshwaterorbrinecolumniscalledabnormal
42、lylowpressure.异常低压常常发生于衰竭产层和大空隙的老地层。（露头outcrop/降低）钻井实践表明：这三种类型的地层都可能钻遇到，其中异常高压地层更为多见，它与钻井工程及施工关系也最大。压力，Mpao低压正常高压井深m4.3地层压力的表示方法/Theexpressionmethodofformationpressure4.3.1压力单位/pressureunit,20MPa4.3.2压力梯度/pressuregradient在对比不同深度地层中的压力时,可消除深度的影响。4.3.3当量/等效密度/equivalentdensity平衡地层压力所需要的钻井液密.Equivalent
43、densityisthedrillingfluidthatcanbalancetheformationpressure.某点压力等于具有相当密度的流体在该点所形成的液柱压力。计算公式：p=102Pp/H=Pp/0.00981Hp-当量密度equivalentdensity，g/cm3Pp-地层压力formationpressure，MPaH-垂直深度TVD，m4.3.4压力系数/pressurecoefficientnon-dimension-无因次/无量纲压力系数是指某点压力与该深度处淡水柱的静液压力之比。与等效密度的关系：数值上相等Pressurecoefficientisaratioth
44、atthepressureatagivendepthisdividedbythehydrostaticpressureoffreshwatercolumnatthisdepth.Pp/0.00981*1*H=Pp/0.00981H=102Pp/H在数值上等于当量密度。例如：已知某井：H=1000m，Pp=11.76Mpa,求：该深度处的地层压力系数。解：压力系数=11.76/(0.00981*1*1000)=1.2例如：已知某井：H=2000m，地层压力系数为1.3,求:该深度处的地层压力。5. 解：Pp=0.00981*1.3*2000=25.48(Mpa)上覆岩层压力/overburden
45、pressure5.1定义/definition上覆岩层压力是指某深度以上的岩石和其中的流体对该深度所形成的压力。Overburdenpressureisthepressureexertedatanygivendepthbytheweightofthesediments,orrocks,andtheweightofthefluidsthatfillporespaceintherock.Overburdenpressurecanvaryindifferentareasbecausetheamountofporespaceandthedensityofrocksvaryfromplacetoplace.Overburdenpressureisgenerallyconsideredtobe1pound(lb)persquareinchperfoot(psi/ft)5.2公式/formulaP0-overburdenpressure,上覆盖岩层压力Mpa-porosity,%空隙度r-densityofrocks,岩石密度g/cm3-densityofformationfluid,地层水密度g/cm3connatewater5.4