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1、Good is good, but better carries it.精益求精，善益求善。中英对照培根论学习OFSTUDY王佐良先生翻译-OFSTUDYSTUDIESservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgment,anddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofpa
2、rticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebest,fromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabil
3、itiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselves,dogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottoco
4、ntradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Some
5、booksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreat
6、memory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknow,thathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtile;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewit,butma
7、ybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebody,mayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifamanswitbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,h
8、emustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheSchoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudy197thelawyerscases.Soeverydefectofthemind,mayhaveaspecialreceipt.论学习读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；
9、其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。数有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体
10、涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏、淡而无味矣。读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。人之才智但有滞碍，无不可读适当之书使之顺畅，一如身体百病，皆可借相宜之运动除之。滚球利睾肾，射箭利胸肺，慢步利肠胃，骑术利头脑，诸如此类。如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演；如不能辨异
11、，可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵之人；如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。如此头脑中凡有缺陷，皆有特药可医。（王佐良先生译）OfMarriageandSingleLifeHethathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune;fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchild
12、lessmen,whichbothinaffectionandmeanshavemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathavechildrenshouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes,untowhichtheyknowtheymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.Sometherearewho,thoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfutureimper
13、tinences.Nay,therearesomeotherthataccountwifeandchildrenbutasbillsofcharges.Naymore,therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmenthattakeaprideinhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk:“Suchanoneisagreatrichman,”andanotherexcepttoit,“yea,buthehathagreatchargeofch
14、ildren”;asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.Butthemostordinarycauseofasinglelifeisliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraint,astheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarterstobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants,butnotalway
15、sbestsubjects,fortheyarelighttorunaway,andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.Asinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen,forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates,foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservantfivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifind
16、thegeneralscommonlyinthierhortativesputmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurksmakeththevulgarsoldiermorebase.Certainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineofhumanity;andsinglemen,thoughtheybemanytimesmorecharitable,becausetheirmeansarelessexhaust,yetontheothersi
17、de,theyaremorecruelandhard-hearted(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becuasetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalledupon.Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses,Vetulamsuampraetulitimmortalitati.Chastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheircha
18、stity.Itisoneofthebestbonds,bothofchastityandobedience,inthewifeifshethinkherhusbandwise,whichshewillneverdoifshefindhimjealous.Wivesareyoungmensmistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmensnurses,soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarrywhenhewill.Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisementhatmadeanswertothequestionswh
19、enamanshouldmarry:“Ayoungmannotyet,aneldermannotatall.”Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbandshaveverygoodwives;whetheritbethatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusbandskindnesswhenitcomes,orthatthewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfails,ifthebadhusbandwereoftheirownchoosing,againsttheirfriendsconsent;forthenth
20、eywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.（1625）论结婚与独身夫人之有妻儿也不啻已向命运典质，从此难成大事，无论善恶。兴大业，立大功，往往系未婚无儿者所为，彼辈似已与公众结亲，故爱情产业并以付之。按理而论，有子女者应对未来岁月最为关切，因已将至亲骨肉托付之矣。独身者往往思虑仅及己身，以为未来与己无关。有人则视妻儿为负债。更有贪而愚者，以无儿女为荣，以为如此更可夸其富足。此辈或曾闻人议论，一云此人为大富，另一则云否也，其人有多子负担，其财必损。然独身之原因，最常见者为喜自由，尤其自娱任性之人不耐任何束缚，身上褡带亦视为桎梏。未婚者为最好之友、最好之主、最好之仆，
21、然非最好之臣，因其身轻易遁也，故亡命徒几全未婚。未婚适合教会中人，因如先须注水于家池则无余泽以惠人矣。然对法官行政官等则无足轻重，彼辈如收礼贪财，劣仆之害五倍于妻。至于士兵，余尝见将军以渠等妻儿所望激励之，而土耳其人鄙视婚姻，故其士兵更为卑劣。妻儿对人确为一种锻炼。单身者本可心慈过人，因其资财少耗也，实则由于不常触其心肠，反而更为严酷(因而适为审判异端之官)。庄重之人守规不渝，为夫常能爱妻，是故人云优利息斯“爱老妻胜过不朽也”。贞节之妇自恃节操，不免骄纵。欲使妻子守贞从夫，夫须有智；如妻疑夫猜忌，则断难听命矣。妻子者，青年之情妇，中年之伴侣，老年之护士也，故如决心结婚，须善择时。昔有智者答人问何时可婚，曾云：“青年未到时，老年不必矣。”常见恶夫有良妻，是否由于此辈丈夫偶尔和善，更见其可贵，抑或此类妻子以忍耐为美德欤？可确言者，如妻子不顾友朋劝告而自择恶夫，则必尽力弥补前失。王佐良译-