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1、动词语态（被动语态）知识点讲义 高考英语语法总复习动词语态的构成动词语态概念动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系分类:主动语态：表示主语是谓语动作的执行者被动语态：表示主语是谓语动作的承受者实例:We swept the floor我们打扫了地板。（主动语态）The floor was swept.地板被打扫了。（被动语态）被动语态的构成被动语态由助动词be+过去分词构成被动句的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现，助动词be必须与主语的人称和数相一致，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样一般现在时的被动语态be+过去分词一般过去时的被动语态were/was+过去分词一般将来时的被动语态shall/will
2、+be+过去分词现在进行时的被动语态am/are/is+being+过去分词过去进行时的被动语态was/were+being+过去分词现在完成时的被动语态has/have+been+过去分词过去完成时的被动语态had been+过去分词过去将来时的被动语态would/should+be+过去分词含情态动词的被动语态must/can/may be+及物动词的过去分词被动语态的用法被动语态的用法1、 当句子强调动作的承受者时要使用被动语态This letter was written by me.这封信是由我写的。( 强调动作承受者this letter )2、当不知道动作的发出者，只强调既成的事
3、实时，也要用被动语态This window is closed.窗户被关上了。（不知道动作的发出者是谁，也没有必要知道）3、 句子有时为了避免更换主语也要用被动语态She needs his help and is needed by him.她需要他的帮助，而他也需要她的帮助。4、当动作的执行者不是人时也常用被动语态，这是一种习惯表达We were stopped by the storm.我们被暴风雨拦住了。5、 表达“据说；据报道；被认为”时，要用被动语态It is said that he was a doctor before.据说以前他是个医生。6、为使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方
4、而使用被动语态或由于修辞的需要使用被动语态使句子得以更好的安排The composition must be handed in by next Friday.你必须在下周五之前交作文。7、当动作的执行者有比较长的修饰语时The lecture will be made by Joe, who is a young artist from the States.乔将会来作这次报告，他是一位年轻的美国艺术家。（Joe后的非限制性定语从句太长，故置于最后，且主句用被动语态。）被动语态的肯定式、否定式、疑问及回答Is it made?It is not made.Yes, it&
5、#160;is.It was made.It was not made.Was it made? No. it wasn't.It will be made.It will not be made.Will it be made? Yes, it will.It is being made.It is not being made.Is it being made? No, it isn't.It has been made.It has not been made.Has it
6、 been made? Yes, it has.It must be made.It must not be made. Must it be made? Yes, it must.主动语态变为被动语态主动语态变为被动语态1、 步骤如下： (1)主动变被动时，先将主动结构的宾语变为被动语态的主语。如果原句宾语为代词，其宾格形式要变为主格形式。(2) 把主动语态的动词变为被动结构：即be+过去分词形式。(3)在被动语态后加介词by，再将主动语态中的主语放在by之后，变成by的宾语。We asked him to sing a
7、song.我们请他唱一首歌。（主动语态）He was asked to sing a song.他被请求唱一首歌。（被动语态）He wrote a report。他写了一份报告。（主动语态）A report was written by him.一份报告是由他写的。（被动语态）短语动词变为被动语态的方法(1) “动词+介词副词”构成的及物短语动词变成被动语态时，通常要把它们作为整体看待，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉The patient is being operated on.病人正在动手术。His request was turned down.他的要求遭到拒绝。(2)“动词+副词+介词”构成
8、的及物短语动词变成被动语态时，要把它们作为一个整体看待He was looked up to by everyone.他被人们所敬仰。(3) “动词+名词+介词”构成的及物短语动词变被动语态时，既可将短语动词后的宾语作为被动句的主语，也可将短语动词中的名词作为被动句的主语主动句：You must pay attention to your pronunciation你必须注意你的发音。被动句：Your pronunciation must be paid attention to.Attention must be paid to your pronunciation.注意：被动语态后动词形式
9、的选择感官动词 hear，see，notice, look at，listen to, feel，watch和使役动词make，have，let等在主动语态中用省略to的不定式作补语，但在其变成被动语态时则要把省略的to加上Someone saw Jack enter the teacher's office.= Jack was seen to enter the teacher's office.有人看见杰克进入教师办公室了。部分主动结构表被动部分主动结构表示被动意义英语中有些结构是主动语态的形式，但表示被动的意义常见的几种情况有：1、动词不定
10、式在形容词 easy，difficult，fit 等后面作状语时，表示被动意义His speech is not easy to understand.他的讲话不容易被理解。The work is difficult to do.这工作难做。2、动词不定式作定语，被修饰的名词或代词是不定式动词的逻辑宾语时，不定式动词仍然使用主动式而不用被动式I have a lot of work to do我有很多工作要做。I have a meeting to attend.我有一个会议要参加。3、 某些系动词，如feel，look，seem，appear，taste，sound，smell，prove，
11、remain等用主动形式表示被动意义；主语通常是事物，且表示该事物本身具有某一固有特征这种料子摸起来很柔软。正：The material feels very soft.误：The material is felt very soft这音乐听起来很美妙。正：The music sounds beautiful.误：The music is sounded beautiful4、在表示“ 需要 ”的 need，want，require 后接动名词时，表示被动意义The floor needs sweeping.地板需要打扫了。The house wants repairing.房子需要修缮。5、
12、 在be worth doing句型中，句子的主语是doing的逻辑宾语，但doing仍然使用主动形式The film is well worth watching.这部电影很值得看。6、有些不及物动词，如 sell，wash，read，write 等用主动形式表示被动意义；主语通常是事物The cellphone sells well.这款手机卖得很好。The cloth washes easily.这种布料很好洗。不用被动语态的情况不用被动语态的情况1、 表示状态，且一般不用于进行时的动词，如 fit，suit，have，cost，hold，last，own，possess 等The ha
13、ll holds one thousand people.大厅可容下1 000人。The earthquake lasted half an hour.地震持续了半小时。2、连系动词，如 be，become，feel，get，look，smell，sound，taste 等He became very angry.他变得非常生气。The days get colder.天气变得更冷了。3、 团体、组织或处所的名词作 leave，enter，join，reach 等宾语时Amy joined the Reading Club last year.艾米去年参加了读书俱乐都。He left the
14、room two minutes ago.他两分钟前离开了房间。4、具有喜怒、憎恶等感情色彩的动词，如 hate，like，prefer，love 等I prefer skating to climbing.相比于登山我更喜欢滑雪。We love our country.我们爱我们的国家。5、 动名词、不定式作宾语时He enjoyed living in China very much.他非常喜欢住在中国。I looked forward to seeing him.我盼望看见他。6、have a rest，take place，keep words，make a face，lose int
15、erest等短语中抽象名词作宾语时We had a rest for a while just now.刚才我们休息了一会儿。Great changes have taken place in the city.城市里发生了巨大的变化。7、表示度量的名词作宾语，起状语作用时My son weighs 30 kilos.我儿子重30千克。He ran ten miles without rest.他跑了10英里没有休息。8、反身代词、相互代词作宾语时They enjoyed themselves last Sunday.他们上周日玩得非常愉快。We leam from each other.我们
16、互相学习。9、 同源名词作宾语时，如die，sleep，smile，laugh，fight，dream，live等We are living a happy life.我们过着幸福的生活。She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了一个不好的梦。主动句变被动句易错点主动句变被动句的易错点1、含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，但变间接宾语为主语的情况较多主动句：Tom gave me a present on my birthday.我生日那天汤姆送了
17、我一件礼物。被动句：I was given a present by Tom on my birthday. A present was given to me on my birthday by Tom.注意：如果把直接宾语（指物）改为主语，则在间接宾语（指人）前加适当的介词：一般说来，在 bring，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，sell，show，take，tell 等动词后，通常在间接宾语前用介词 to而在 build，buy，cook，cut，choose，do，fetch，find，fix，get，keep，make，order , pai
18、nt , play , sing 等动词，一般在间接宾语前用介词 for，此时for不可省略。主动句：Mother make me a new skirt.母亲给我做了条新裙子。被动句：A new skirt was made for me.主动句：She lent me the very expensive coat.她把她那件昂贵的外衣借给了我。被动句：The very expensive coat was lent to me另外，有时用间接宾语作主语讲不通或不习惯，则用直接宾语作主语主动句：Tom wrote me a letter.汤
19、姆给我写了一封信。不说：1 was written a letter by Tom.可说：A letter was written to me by Tom.注意：宾语从句一般不可作为被动句的主语主动句：He told me when the project would start.他告诉我工程什么时候开始。不说：When the project would start was told to me.可说：1 was told when the project would start.2、含复合宾语（宾语+宾补）的主动句改被动句时，一般把主动句中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语都保留在谓语动词后面
20、为主语补足语主动句： We always keep the classroom clean.我们总是保持教室清洁。被动句：The classroom is always kept clean.教室总是保持清洁。主动句：We saw them playing football.我们看到他们在踢足球。被动句：They were seen playing football.有人看见他们在踢足球。注意：如果宾补是名词，变被动句时，不要误把宾补的名词作主语主动句：We called him an ass. 我们叫他傻瓜。不说：An ass was called him.可说：He w
21、as called an ass.3、带有形式宾语it的句子也可变为被动句主动句：We consider it wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.我们认为对犯错误的孩子大喊大叫是不对的。被动句：It is considered wrong to shout at children who make mistakes.4、当主语句的主语是nobody，no one等含否定意义的复合不定代词时，被动句中将其变成anybody，作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否定的被动语态主动句：Nobody can lift this stone.谁也拿不起这块石头。不说：This stone can be lifted by nobody.可说：This stone cannot be lifted by anybody.