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1、Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical PublicationUpdated February 2006The following information is available to be viewed/printed in Adobe Acrobat pdf format.International Committee of Medical Journal EditorsI. Statement of PurposeA
2、. About the Uniform Requirements B. Potential Users of the Uniform Requirements C. How to Use the Uniform Requirements II. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct and Reporting of ResearchA. Authorship and Contributorship 1. Byline Authors 2. Contributors Listed in Acknowledgements B. Editorship 1. Th
3、e Role of the Editor 2. Editorial Freedom C. Peer Review D. Conflicts of Interest 1. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Individual Authors Commitments 2. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Project Support 3. Potential Conflicts of Interest Related to Commitments of Editors, Journal S
4、taff, or Reviewers E. Privacy and Confidentiality 1. Patients and Study Participants 2. Authors and Reviewers F. Protection of Human Subjects and Animals in Research III. Publishing and Editorial Issues Related to Publication In Biomedical JournalsA. Obligation to Publish Negative Studies B. Correct
5、ions, Retractions, and Expressions of Concern C. Copyright D. Overlapping Publications 1. Duplicate Submission 2. Redundant Publication 3. Acceptable Secondary Publication 4. Competing Manuscripts based on the Same Study a. Differences in Analysis or Interpretation b. Differences in Reported Methods
6、 or Results 5. Competing Manuscripts Based on the Same Database E. Correspondence F. Supplements, Theme Issues, and Special Series G. Electronic Publishing H. Advertising I. Medical Journals and the General Media J. Obligation to Register Clinical Trials IV. Manuscript Preparation and SubmissionA. P
7、reparing a Manuscript for Submission to Biomedical Journals 1. a. General Principles b. Reporting Guidelines for Specific Study Designs 2. Title page 3. Conflict of Interest Notification Page 4. Abstract and Key Words 5. Introduction 6. Methods a. Selection and Description of Participants b. Technic
8、al Information c. Statistics 7. Results 8. Discussion 9. References a. General Considerations Related to References b. Reference Style and Format 10. Tables 11. Illustrations (Figures) 12. Legends for Illustrations (Figures) 13. Units of Measurement 14. Abbreviations and Symbols B. Sending the Manus
9、cript to the Journal V. ReferencesA. Print References Cited in this Document B. Other Sources of Information Related to Biomedical Journals VI. About the International Committee of Medical Journal EditorsVII. Authors of the Uniform RequirementsVIII. Use, Distribution, and Translation of the Uniform
10、RequirementsIX. InquiriesI. Statement Of PurposeI. A. About the Uniform RequirementsA small group of editors of general medical journals met informally in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 1978 to establish guidelines for the format of manuscripts submitted to their journals. The group became known as
11、 the Vancouver Group. Its requirements for manuscripts, including formats for bibliographic references developed by the National Library of Medicine, were first published in 1979. The Vancouver Group expanded and evolved into the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), which meet
12、s annually. The ICMJE gradually has broadened its concerns to include ethical principles related to publication in biomedical journals.The ICJME has produced multiple editions of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. Over the years, issues have arisen that go bey
13、ond manuscript preparation, resulting in the development of a number of Separate Statements on editorial policy. The entire Uniform Requirements document was revised in 1997; sections were updated in May 1999 and May 2000. In May 2001, the ICMJE revised the sections related to potential conflict of
14、interest. In 2003, the committee revised and reorganized the entire document and incorporated the Separate Statements into the text. The committee prepared this revision in 2005.The total content of the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals may be reproduced for educa
15、tional, not-for-profit purposes without regard for copyright; the committee encourages distribution of the material.Journals that agree to use the Uniform Requirements are encouraged to state in their instructions to authors that their requirements are in accordance with the Uniform Requirements and
16、 to cite this version. Journals that wish to be listed on www.ICMJE.org as a publication that follows the Uniform Requirements should contact the ICMJE secretariat office. The ICMJE is a small working group of general medical journals not an open membership organization. Occasionally, the ICMJE will
17、 invite a new member or guest when the committee feels that the new journal or organization will provide a needed perspective that is not already available within the existing committee. Open membership organizations for editors and others in biomedical publication include the World Association of M
18、edical Editors www.WAME.org and the Council of Science Editors www.councilofscienceeditors.I.B. Potential Users of the Uniform RequirementsThe ICMJE created the Uniform Requirements primarily to help authors and editors in their mutual task of creating and distributing accurate, clear, easily access
19、ible reports of biomedical studies. The initial sections address the ethical principles related to the process of evaluating, improving, and publishing manuscripts in biomedical journals and the relationships between editors and authors, peer reviewers, and the media. The latter sections address the
20、 more technical aspects of preparing and submitting manuscripts. The ICMJE believes the entire document is relevant to the concerns of both authors and editors.The Uniform Requirements can provide many other stakeholderspeer reviewers, publishers, the media, patients and their families, and general
21、readerswith useful insights into the biomedical authoring and editing process.I. C. How to Use the Uniform Requirements The Uniform Requirements state the ethical principles in the conduct and reporting of research and provide recommendations relating to specific elements of editing and writing. The
22、se recommendations are based largely on the shared experience of a moderate number of editors and authors, collected over many years, rather than on the results of methodical, planned investigation that aspires to be “evidence-based.” Wherever possible, recommendations are accompanied by a rationale
23、 that justifies them; as such, the document serves an educational purpose.Authors will find it helpful to follow the recommendations in this document whenever possible because, as described in the explanations, doing so improves the quality and clarity of reporting in manuscripts submitted to any jo
24、urnal, as well as the ease of editing. At the same time, every journal has editorial requirements uniquely suited to its purposes. Authors therefore need to become familiar with the specific instructions to authors published by the journal they have chosen for their manuscriptfor example, the topics
25、 suitable for that journal, and the types of papers that may be submitted (for example, original articles, reviews, or case reports)and should follow those instructions. The Mulford Library at the Medical College of Ohio maintains a useful compendium of instructions to authors.II. Ethical Considerat
26、ions in the Conduct and Reporting of ResearchII.A Authorship and ContributorshipII.A.1. Byline AuthorsAn “author” is generally considered to be someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study, and biomedical authorship continues to have important academic, social, an
27、d financial implications. (1) In the past, readers were rarely provided with information about contributions to studies from those listed as authors and in acknowledgments. (2) Some journals now request and publish information about the contributions of each person named as having participated in a
28、submitted study, at least for original research. Editors are strongly encouraged to develop and implement a contributorship policy, as well as a policy on identifying who is responsible for the integrity of the work as a whole.While contributorship and guarantorship policies obviously remove much of
29、 the ambiguity surrounding contributions, it leaves unresolved the question of the quantity and quality of contribution that qualify for authorship. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors has recommended the following criteria for authorship; these criteria are still appropriate for
30、those journals that distinguish authors from other contributors. Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual co
31、ntent; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3. When a large, multi-center group has conducted the work, the group should identify the individuals who accept direct responsibility for the manuscript (3). These individuals should fully meet the
32、 criteria for authorship defined above and editors will ask these individuals to complete journal-specific author and conflict of interest disclosure forms. When submitting a group author manuscript, the corresponding author should clearly indicate the preferred citation and should clearly identify
33、all individual authors as well as the group name. Journals will generally list other members of the group in the acknowledgements. The National Library of Medicine indexes the group name and the names of individuals the group has identified as being directly responsible for the manuscript. Acquisiti
34、on of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify authorship. All persons designated as authors should qualify for authorship, and all those who qualify should be listed. Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take publ
35、ic responsibility for appropriate portions of the content. Some journals now also request that one or more authors, referred to as “guarantors,” be identified as the persons who take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article, and publish that inform
36、ation.Increasingly, authorship of multi-center trials is attributed to a group. All members of the group who are named as authors should fully meet the above criteria for authorship.The order of authorship on the byline should be a joint decision of the co-authors. Authors should be prepared to expl
37、ain the order in which authors are listed.II.A.2. Contributors Listed in AcknowledgmentsAll contributors who do not meet the criteria for authorship should be listed in an acknowledgments section. Examples of those who might be acknowledged include a person who provided purely technical help, writin
38、g assistance, or a department chair who provided only general support. Editors should ask authors to disclose whether they had writing assistance and to identify the entity that paid for this assistance. Financial and material support should also be acknowledged.Groups of persons who have contribute
39、d materially to the paper but whose contributions do not justify authorship may be listed under a heading such as “clinical investigators” or “participating investigators,” and their function or contribution should be describedfor example, “served as scientific advisors,” “critically reviewed the st
40、udy proposal,” “collected data,” or “provided and cared for study patients.”Because readers may infer their endorsement of the data and conclusions, all persons must give written permission to be acknowledged.II.B EditorshipII.B.1. The Role of the EditorThe editor of a journal is the person responsi
41、ble for its entire content. Owners and editors of medical journals have a common endeavorthe publication of a reliable and readable journal, produced with due respect for the stated aims of the journal and for costs. The functions of owners and editors, however, are different. Owners have the right
42、to appoint and dismiss editors and to make important business decisions in which editors should be involved to the fullest extent possible. Editors must have full authority for determining the editorial content of the journal. This concept of editorial freedom should be resolutely defended by editor
43、s even to the extent of their placing their positions at stake. To secure this freedom in practice, the editor should have direct access to the highest level of ownership, not only to a delegated manager.Editors of medical journals should have a contract that clearly states the editors rights and du
44、ties in addition to the general terms of the appointment and that defines mechanisms for resolving conflict.An independent editorial advisory board may be useful in helping the editor establish and maintain editorial policy.II.B.2. Editorial FreedomThe ICMJE adopts the World Association of Medical E
45、ditors definition of editorial freedom . This definition states that editorial freedom or independence is the concept that editors-in chief should have full authority over the editorial content of their journal. Journal owners should not interfere in the evaluation; selection or editing of individua
46、l articles either directly or by creating an environment that strongly influences decisions. Editors should base decisions on the validity of the work and its importance to the journals readers not on the commercial success of the journal. Editors should be free to express critical but responsible v
47、iews about all aspects of medicine without fear of retribution, even if these views might conflict with the commercial goals of the publisher. Editors and editors organizations have the obligation to support the concept of editorial freedom and to draw major transgressions of such freedom to the att
48、ention of the international medical, academic, and lay communities.II.C. Peer Review Unbiased, independent, critical assessment is an intrinsic part of all scholarly work, including the scientific process. Peer review is the critical assessment of manuscripts submitted to journals by experts who are
49、 not part of the editorial staff. Peer review can therefore be viewed as an important extension of the scientific process. Although its actual value has been little studied, and is widely debated (4), peer review helps editors decide which manuscripts are suitable for their journals, and helps authors and editors in their efforts to improve the quality o