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1、语篇衔接理论与写第1页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v受我国语法学家王力等“承上说”的启示，英国语言学家韩礼德（MAKHalliday）于1962年首次提出“衔接”（cohesion）这一概念。衔接指的是语篇中的不同成分在意义上有所联系的现象。这种联系可能存在于同一个句子内部的不同成分之间，也可能出现在两个相邻句子之间，有时还可能发生在相距较远的两个成分之间。第2页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v功能语言学和语用学近30年来的兴起与发展，促使语言学家对语言的分析和研究逐步从以词素、词、短语、句子为单位扩大到以语段（paragraph）和话语（discourse）或篇章（text）为
2、单位的超句研究。篇章学则更是着重研究句子构成篇章的各种手段。第3页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v篇章并非是互不相关的句子的简单堆砌，而是一些意义相关的句子为达到一定交际目的，通过各种衔接手段（cohesive devices）而实现的有机结合体。1976年韩礼德和夫人哈桑（HallidayHasan）发表了论述语篇衔接的专著英语中的衔接（Cohesion in English），这本著作将英语的衔接手段归纳为五种：第4页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v1照应（照应（reference）：）：指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系，可分为人称照应、指示照应和比较照应。例如：vThe do
3、ctor came inHe looked very seriousv 第5页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v2替代（替代（substitution）：）：指用替代形式去替代上下文出现的词语，可分为名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代。例如：vYou can compare the new edition with the old ones第6页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v3省略（省略（ellipsis）：）：指省去句子中某一成分。例如：v c）Did she get there at six?No,(she got there)earlier(than six).第7页，共44
4、页，编辑于2022年，星期二v4连接词（连接词（conjunction）：）：指连接句子的各种连词、副词等。例如：v I wanted to help him,but/unfortunately it was too late.第8页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v5词汇衔接（词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）：）：指通过重复上文已出现过的词来达到语篇的连贯。这些词汇或重复或由其它词语替代或共同出现，从而构成语篇会话的连贯性和完整性，以保证会话或语义取得统一，衔接语篇。语篇会话中的词汇选择关系有多种方式。我们把词汇衔接方式分为重复、泛指词、相似性和搭配四大类。英语会话中经常使用
5、这些方法，现举例如下：v第9页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v（1）He bought some bread,milk and oranges.The oranges are to make a dessert.(关键词的重复。他买了一些面包、牛奶和桔子。桔子用来作甜点。)vOne morning，the two sisters were together in the roomThen suddenly the door opened and John burst into the room 第10页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v（2）He knew that this was
6、 a good way of bringing the violent,refractory Sunfu to heel.(泛指词的运用。他知道用这法门可以折服那刚愎狠辣的吴荪福。)第11页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v（3）I took leave,and turned to the ascent of the peak.The climb is perfectly easy.(词的相似性。我离开了，返身去攀登山峰，攀登轻松极了。)第12页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v搭配（Collocation）即词汇有规律地使用的方式，也是语义连贯的手段。辨别一段语言是否连贯可看它是否处
7、于同一语域（register）。处于同一语域所使用的词之间是有联系的，这是一种相关的语义联系。例如night这个词在语言的实际运用中常与dark连用（或说并置，搭配），但是很少有可能和book，chair等词连用。邮局里职员和顾客的对话中常会有“stamp”、“parcel”、“registered”等词出现。第13页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v学习和掌握上述衔接手段对英语写作是很有帮助的。许多英文写作手册和教材用了很大篇幅介绍衔接手段，但对于如何运用这些手段却缺少具体指导，这就无形中造成一种印象，似乎掌握了衔接手段，就把握了联句成篇的真谛。事实上并非如此。语篇中有无衔接手段只是鉴别
8、其篇章性的因素之一，除此之外，语篇连贯与否，更大程度上还取决于语义的连贯。只有语篇中的深层语义连贯，文章才具有真正的粘合力（cohesive power）。有语段为证：第14页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vEverything was readyScientists and generals withdrew to some distance and crouched behind earth moundsTwo red flares rose as a signal to fire the rocketv第15页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v在这语段中，句子之间并没有衔接手段
9、，然而，毫无疑问它是衔接很好的。v在大多数情况下，一篇文章有若干段落，每个段落又有若干句子。要判断这些段落之间和句子之间是否衔接得好，首要的条件就是看它们是否有一个话题中心而所有句子都围绕着这个中心铺陈。这大致可分为三个等级。第16页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v1连贯。连贯。所有句子都紧紧围绕话题中心，这样的语段就是连贯的。例如：vMy home town is a beautiful placeIt stands beside a wide river at the foot of low green hillsIt has many fine buildings and wide
10、 streetsThere are trees and flowers everywhere（许国璋英语第一册）第17页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v2相对连贯。相对连贯。如果有一个话题中心，但个别句子偏离了话题中心，这样的语段就是相对连贯的。例如：v第18页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vI love the maple treeIt is beautiful in the spring with its light green leavesDuring the springtime the weather is quite niceIn the summer，I can si
11、t in its branches and stay coolIn the autumn，the maple leaves turn red and yellowThen，when they fall，I can make wonderful leaf piles to jump into第19页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v这一段的话题中心是“我爱枫树”，描写枫树的美丽以及它提供的好处。但第三句只谈天气，偏离了话题中心。如果把这句改为“During the springtime the weather is quite nice，arid I often read under the
12、 tree”的话，整个语段的衔接就没有问题了。第20页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v3不连贯。不连贯。如果没有话题中心，或者每句话都引出一个新的话题，这样的语段就是不连贯的。例如：v第21页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vJohn wants to go to the moviesHis blue eyes are beautifulBeauty is truthTruth condition is an important notion in SemanticsSemantics is a branch of language studySome tree branches a
13、re easy to burn，第22页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v从表面看，这段的每个句子都通过词义连接手段与相邻的句子发生联系，如Johnhis，beautifulbeauty，truthtruth condition等。但实际上句子之间并没有真正的语义联系，因此是不连贯的。第23页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v概括地说，衔接手段是句子间表示表层形式的连贯。它在某些条件下具有连接的效果，但并不是句子衔接关系中唯一的、最重要的因素。更为重要的是每个语段乃至篇章都应有话题中心，而每个句子的铺陈都应紧扣这个中心。v在学生的作文中第三种情况即完全“不连贯”是极少的，但第二种情况即
14、“相对连贯”是相当常见的。教师应经常提醒学生谨防出现这种写作错误。第24页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vSome examples for discussion第25页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二Is this paragragh cohesive?vToday,Id like to mention the interesting television program which will be shown off on Oct.10.Its about the brain.Its a new public television show produced in New Yor
15、k City.The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions.The interesting topic that will be discussed are dreaming,memory and depression.These topics will be illustrated by using computer of the brain to make explanations easy to follow.The show is not for children.But dont worry
16、.It is not intended for scientists,either.I think the program will be very helpful with the work we are doing in class on the brain.I hope you will watch it.Remember its on Oct.10.第26页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vToday,Id like to mention the interesting television program which will be shown off on Oct.10.Its
17、 about the brain.Its a new public television show produced in New York City.The program will investigate how the brain functions and malfunctions.The interesting topic that will be discussed are dreaming,memory and depression.These topics will be illustrated by using computer of the brain to make ex
18、planations easy to follow.The show is not for children.But dont worry.It is not intended for scientists,either.I think the program will be very helpful with the work we are doing in class on the brain.I hope you will watch it.Remember its on Oct.10.vNote:The cohesive tie of this paragraph is as foll
19、ows:vthe interesting television program It It The program The interesting topic These topics The show It the program it it 第27页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二Should the paragraphs be improved rhetorically?vA.The development of industry demands large areas of land.The already limited land is decreasing very rapid
20、ly.We should make the best use of our land.In cities,careful and elaborate city plans should be carried out.In the countryside,farmers should be educated to use the land wisely.The government should reinforce the laws to punish those who waste the land.第28页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vComments:v1.Design a top
21、ic sentencevLand is a problem with city development.or We should make the best use of our land.(city development and land are the two key words)v2.Discourse markers(Schiffrin 1987)between 1st and 2nd,2nd and 3rd,3rd and 4th sentences.vDecide the relationship between the two sentences.vbetween 1st an
22、d 2nd sentences:cause&effect(as a result)vbetween 2nd and 3rd sentences:cause&effect(therefore)(Note:why here therefore cant be replaced by as a result)v between 5th and 6th sentences:classification(moreover)第29页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vThe development of industry demands large areas of land.As a result,t
23、he already limited land is decreasing very rapidly.Therefore,we should make the best use of our land.In cities,careful and elaborate city plans should be carried out.In the countryside,farmers should be educated to use the land wisely.Moreover,the government should reinforce the laws to punish those
24、 who waste the land.第30页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vB.Taxies also cause a lot of problems.They block the traffic.Some drivers stop in the wrong places.Other drivers drive very fast.They cause many traffic accidents.Still other drivers charge more than they should,and make the customers quite unhappy.第31页，共44
25、页，编辑于2022年，星期二vTaxies also cause a lot of problems.As a result,they block the traffic.Some drivers stop in the wrong places.Other drivers drive very fast.Consequently,they cause many traffic accidents.Still other drivers charge more than they should,and thus make the customers quite unhappy.vDiscour
26、se markers and transitional words:therefore,accordingly,hence第32页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v vThe Importance of ProverbvProverbs are simple sentences used by people frequently in their daily life to express deep meanings.In the process of learning English,proverbs play an important role.vFirst of all,prover
27、bs make our language learning more interesting.As we all know,proverbs often use(d)rhymes to make it easy to be memorized and used.It is the rhymes that make proverbs sound musical and beautiful.In addition,using proverbs can improve our ability of expressing our thoughts and ideas both in oral and
28、written English.(,)S(s)uch as“No pain，no gain.”,which are often used by us in oral and written English.Whats more,learning proverbs can help us have a better understanding of western culture.For example,“Forbidden fruit is the sweetest”is a proverb originated from Bible;“Every dog has his day”shows
29、that dog doesnt have a negative meaning in English.vFrom all above,we can come to a conclusion that it is necessary and significant to learn proverbs well in the process of English learning.第33页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vAll is well that ends well.(end-rhyme)vLive and learn.(alliteration)第34页，共44页，编辑于2022年，
30、星期二vFirst of all,proverbs make our language learning more interesting.As we all know,proverbs often used rhymes to make it easy to be memorized and used.It is the rhymes that make proverbs sound musical and beautiful.(As we all know,rhymes in proverbs often make us easy to memorize the proverbs,beca
31、use/as it is rhymes that make proverbs sound musical and beautiful.For instance,.)In addition,using proverbs can improve our ability of(to)expressing(express)our thoughts and ideas(ourselves more vividly)both in(in both)oral and written English.(,)S(s)uch as“No pain，no gain”,“All roads lead to Rome”
32、which are often used by us in oral and written English.Whats more,learning proverbs can help us have a better understanding of western culture.For example,“Forbidden fruit is the sweetest”is a proverb originated(originating)from(the)Bible;“Every dog has his day”shows that dog doesnt have a negative
33、meaning in English.(shows that the word“dog”in English does not have the negative meaning as the word“狗”in Chinese.)第35页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vFrom all above,we can come to a conclusion（From what we have mentioned above,we can conclude/draw a conclusion）that it is necessary and significant to learn prov
34、erbs well in the process of English learning.第36页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二The importance of idiomsvIdiomatic expressions,which expresses ideas in simple but interesting words,are a very important element of learning a foreign language since the general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idi
35、omatic usages.But no matter how well you can speak or how much vocabulary you know,idioms can never be translated literally;thats why it is too difficult to find out what people are saying if you dont already know the meaning of these commonly used phrases.第37页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vMost importantly,eve
36、ry idioms have their own cutural background.Even if you know every word in the phrases,you maynot know the exact meaning of the idiom.In other words,if you know the idioms well,then you may have got a good acquisition of the culture of the foreign country.For instance,our foreign teacher once said t
37、hat she had opened the Pandoras box for she broke her mamas favorite vase.The first time I heard the words I didnt realize what she meant.Because I didnt know the words Pandoras box.How could the vase could be related with the Pandoras box?If my teacher didnt tell the idiom of Pandora,then I would n
38、ever know the background of Pandoras story.Since then,the more idioms she told us,the more I learn about the foreign culture.And,idioms also inspire my interest of the exotic culture,which is good for foreign language learners.第38页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vFront cloth.Darkened stage.Spotlight hits the prom
39、pt corner.Music strikes up.Archie rice makes his entrance.v -J.Osborne,The Entertainer第39页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v没有任何衔接结构，而语篇却是衔接的。v剧本中关于人物布景的交代v按部就班 一个接着一个发生 能简则简v信息本身的逻辑关系清楚 情景语境提供必要的启示 即使没有连接词语篇仍可是连贯的 第40页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二v“否极泰来”v“天不变、道亦不变”v分句与分句之间、句与句之间少见逻辑关系词。而这种缺乏逻辑论证的句式往往能够更真实地反映生活实际中的辨证关系，逻辑关联词
40、的缺失允许更多可能的理解（既可以是“假设判断”又可以是“推理判断”），因而可以表示更为广延的逻辑关系,造成了语意模糊。第41页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vExplicitness(显明性)&implicitness(隐含性)vNow,and,but,well,please.OK,thanksv英语注重形合（hypotaxis），汉语注重意合（parataxis）。v形合形合(Hypotaxis)和意合(Parataxis)是王力先生在中国语法理论一书中提出的两个概念,是语言的两种基本组织手段。“合”意即“关系”。虽然汉语重意合（Parataxis），以汉语为母语者能心领神会意合句中的
41、内部逻辑关系，但是，在汉译时，究竟使用形合，还是意合，也涉及翻译美学问题。v）第42页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二Bibliography(参考文献)vHalliday,M.A.K.and Hasan,Ruqaiya.1976.Cohesion in English.London:Longman.vSchiffrin,Deborah.1987.Discourse Markers.New York:Cambridge University Press.v胡壮麟.1994.语篇的衔接和连贯.上海：上海外语教育出版社.第43页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二vThank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!第44页，共44页，编辑于2022年，星期二