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1、THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALUE OF INVESTMENT BANK- The influence and challenge of the financial crisis to the investment banks NAME: 蔡灏 CLASS: 英语（国际贸易） NO: 0815020113 TUTOR: 贾晓云Abstract: With the influence of the wave of financial crisis in 2008, the financial industry is impacted greatly. The stock, sec
2、urity and future goods industries are affected severely by the financial crisis. And the investment bank industry encountered the unprecedented difficulties. The title of the paper is discussion about the development and value of the investment banks. Through the study of the principal business, evo
3、lution and theory of the investment banks, and the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the investment banks, we find the problem of the investment banks. Then we find out the right way to develop the business of the investment bank. If the investment banks want to minimize the impact of
4、financial crisis, they must reform from the inside to the outside of the investment banks. We believe the investment banks will have a new developing spring. Keywords: investment bank financial crisis financial industry摘要：在2008年金融危机浪潮的影响下，最受打击的应该就是金融业，股票、证券、期货等分支行业都受到了不小的打击，同时投资银行业同样遇到了空前的困难。本文将通过对投
5、资银行的历史、现状、发展的研究，以及投资银行的主要业务、演变、理论的研究，分析其中的利与弊，剖析现如今投资银行所面临的问题，及其问题形成的主要原因，为投资银行所体现出的问题找到行而有效的解决办法。投资银行如果想要金融危机的影响降到最小化就必须从根本上，从内向外的进行改革和转变。这样，投资银行将迎来一个发展的新春天。关键词：投资银行金融危机金融业Content1. The introduction of investment banks11.1 Meaning11.2 Main business21.3 Development process31.3.1 Open up new business
6、31.3.2 Development process31.3.3 Development modes42. The financial crisis in 2008 and the development of investment banks52.1 The impact of the investment banks to the financial crisis52.1.1 Lever52.1.2 The CDS contract52.1.3 The CDS market52.1.4 Sub-prime52.1.5 Sub-prime crisis62.2 The impact of t
7、he financial crisis to the investment banks62.2.1 General situation of the loss62.2.2 Measures of the government72.2.3 The capital market72.2.4 The credit situation83. The challenges and development directions in the future of investment banks93.1 The change of bank mode93.2 The structural decline o
8、f leverage ratio93.3 The shift of business structure and profit model103.4 The increase of administrative intervention degree103.5 The reduce of monopoly103.6 The implemention of reform114. The warning to Chinas investment banks from the crisis in the United States12Conclusion:13References:14Acknowl
9、edgements:15IIIUSST BA Graduation Paper1. The introduction of investment banksAffected by the financial crisis in 2008, many industries are faced with many risks and problems that need to be solved. After 4 years, both the recessive and dominant crisis occurs. With the influence of the wave of finan
10、cial crisis in 2008, the financial industry is impacted greatly. The stock, security and future goods industries are affected severely by the financial crisis. And the investment bank industry encountered the unprecedented difficulties. The title of the paper is discussion about the development and
11、value of the investment banks. Through the study of the principal business, evolution and theory of the investment banks, and the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the investment banks, we find the problem of the investment banks. Then we put the theory and the practice together to fin
12、d out the right way to develop the business of the investment bank.We should take this crisis as a warning to re-examine the existing credit rating system, adjust the governance structure of financial institutions, re-examine the use of financial products, such as innovation and the use of financial
13、 leverage. And then we should minimum the effect of financial crisis, make the global economic system more perfect and the economic situation more optimistic and stable. 1.1 MeaningThe so-called investment bank is only theoretical appellation. The investment bank in real life is not called investmen
14、t bank, but called XXX company or “XXX securities company”, such as Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley company from the United States, Rothschild, Schroder company from the United Kingdom and Nomura Securities, Nikko Securities company from Japan. The reasons why investment bank is called
15、bank, in theory, mainly are as follows: Firstly, the investment bank is an important part of the financial system. Secondly, the business of the investment banks and commercial banks is merged together in the history. Essentially, the investment bank is a financial intermediation, which is the bridg
16、e of investors and persons who are raising funds in the capital markets. Its main function is to help the person who is raising funds to raise funds and help the investors to invest funds with the most effective way. The investment bank was born in Western Europe, developed in North America, and has
17、 become the most important and active financial institutions in Western financial markets. It plays an active role which can not be ignored in the world economy.1.2 Main businessThe business of traditional investment banks is mainly concentrated in the following three fields: the public issuing and
18、underwriting of debt security and equity security, security broker and proprietary trading.The underwriting of securities mainly includes the issuance and underwriting of the stock and bond. It is one of the main sources of monetary income of the investment bank. The investment bank has an obligatio
19、n to maintain the market price of the securities after finishing underwriting the securities in the primary market, in order to ensure the liquidity and stability of price of this kind of securities. Then one of the important businesses of the investment bank in the secondary marketthe security brok
20、e business engendered. Securities brokerage business means that the investment bank, as the broker of the buyer and seller, buy or sell securities in the stock exchange in accordance with the commissioned instructions of the investors. The greatest feature is that the investment banks do not need to
21、 spend its own funds. What they should do is to do transactions according to the investors instructions and get the service charge of a certain percentage of the transaction amount. However, as a trader, the investment bank does proprietary trading deals. They accept the entrustment of the client an
22、d manage a large number of assets. At the same time, they hold a lot of securities. Therefore, when carrying on business, the investment bank not only has to bear the price risk, but also need to ensure the preservation and appreciation of its assets. Here we mentioned another traditional business o
23、f investment bank, which is proprietary trading. Proprietary trading business is also an important business of investment bank in the secondary market. It refers to a business that the investment banks are directly involved in securities trading activities with its own disposable funds or securities
24、 and bear the risk of security transactions. In addition, the financial industry develops fast with the rapid development of the economy. For this purpose, investment banks began actively looking for new business. Mergers and acquisitions of companies, management of funds, venture capital, securitiz
25、ation of assets, investment consulting and all are new business which breakthrough the traditional simple issuance and transactions of securities. And they have gradually become the main business of the modern investment banks.Risen in the 1960s, the mergers and acquisitions of companies have become
26、 the core business of investment banks although is a new business. Mergers and acquisitions are acts of changes in property rights. The acts actually are that a company gets a certain degree of rights of controlling other companies through the transactions of property and rights, including asset own
27、ership, operation and management rights and so on. As a comprehensive financial institution, investment bank is well informed and familiar with the business. Acting as an agent, the investment company can provide funds for the mergers and acquisitions of enterprises. The fund industry is the fastest
28、-growing financial industry at present. Investment bank can either work as the sponsor and administrator, or manage the funds after accepting entrust of the sponsor of the funds, or serve as the underwriter of issuance of funds. Venture capital, also known as entrepreneurship capital, is the emergin
29、g companies capital at the period of start-up and expansion of the companies. The specific characteristic is large risk and high income. Generally speaking, the emerging companies have a large market potential, but the exploit, research and sales of new products imply a great uncertainty, which prov
30、ide the business of investment banks with a broad market space.There are many other businesses in the investment banks. We dont do excessive statements here. However, they have a common characteristic, which is high risk. The financial crisis in 2008 revealed this characteristic.1.3 Development proc
31、ess 1.3.1 Open up new businessThroughout the evolution of the investment banks of western countries, we find that innovation is the basis of the survival and development of investment banks, and the necessities of competition and avoiding risks among investment banks. The investment banks of western
32、 countries constantly open up new business, create new financial instruments and open up new service fields to meet the companies and investors needs compete with competitors. At the same time, modern information technology and financial globalization also provide a vast space for the innovation of
33、investment business. At present, investment bank business has involved in many aspects, such as, issuance and trading of securities, mergers and acquisitions of companies, management of assets, management of risks, direct investment, project finance, financial advisors of companies and all. It also
34、derives financial engineering which provides full range of services to the investors.1.3.2 Development processAmerican investment banks and commercial banks have a relatively clear division of business in the early years. However, in the 1920s, driven by the high profits of the investment banks, com
35、mercial banks took drastic measures to carry out the business in investment banks. The investment banks also raised funds to expand their own business. The situation of merging of the business of the two kinks of banks formed. The United States enacted the Glass Steagall Act after the great crisis f
36、rom 1929 to 1933, which stipulated that the business of investment banks and commercial banks were completely separated. From then on, they began to operate in different ways. The commercial banks that operate investment bank business indirectly were forced to separate from their investment bank ins
37、titutions. The large financial institutions which operate investment bank business and commercial bank business were also forced to set up different investment bank and commercial bank. After World War II, many countries follow the example of the U.S., which made investment bank and commercial bank
38、separate in a wider range. However, in the past 20 years, with the development of information technology, innovation of financial business and deregulation of financial institutions, the business boundaries of both banks became increasingly blurred. On one hand, the business of investment banks expa
39、nded rapidly and gradually entered the field of commercial banks starting from developing the edge business relative to the commercial bank business. On the other hand, commercial banks got involved in the business of investment banks on basis of rich financial business experience, extensive busines
40、s network and abundant financial strength facing an aggressive offensive by the investment bank. The international financial crisis in 1980s made that the overseas investment of commercial bank was converted to international securities market from international syndicated loans. It intensified the m
41、omentum of developing investment banks of commercial banks. 1.3.3 Development modes As the representative of natural growth pattern, the development of investment banks in the United States and United Kingdom is mostly natural evolution. Their main development modes are through mergers and acquisiti
42、ons, restructuring, appearing on the stock market and other market economy mode. The development mode of Japan is government guidance mode. Japanese securities companies development process deeply laid a mark of government guidance and support. In order to promote and protect the development of secu
43、rities companies, the Japanese government takes a number of effective measurements, including slowing down the pace of opening the domestic stock market, implementing the liberalization of foreign securities investment and all. It nurtured the investment bank system led by Nomura, Nikko and Yamato.2
44、. The financial crisis in 2008 and the development of investment banks 2.1 The impact of the investment banks to the financial crisisInvestment banks occupy an important position in the process of economic development in the world. For example, the 2008 financial crisis, to a large extent, began fro
45、m the products in investment banks. While the bankruptcy of Lehman shows the high risks of investment banks.The most common official interpretation of the financial crisis is the sub-prime problem. The sub-prime totally is hundreds of billions dollars, while the bailout funds from the American gover
46、nment has already reached more than a trillion, why is the crisis still no end? In this process, the investment banks packed new financial products, which is an unshakable reason of the financial crisis. 2.1.1 LeverMany investment banks use 20-30 times leveraged management in order to earn huge prof
47、its. For example, bank A borrows 90 billion dollars to invest with 3 billion dollars as collateral. If bank A gets a 5% profit, which means that bank A gets profit of 4.5 billion dollars. Compared with bank As assets, this is a big profit of 150% of its own assets. In turn, if it loses 5%, which mea
48、ns that bank A will lose all its assets and owe 1.5 billion dollars.2.1.2 The CDS contractLever operation has a characteristic of high risks. The banks dont like to take such adventures operation. So they take the leveraged investment to do the “insurance”, which is called CDS. For example, the annual premium is 50 million dollars. For ten consecutive years, it is 500 million dollars. B will also think that its beneficial to itself. Then everyone is satisfactory with it. 2.1.3 The CDS marketAfter seeing the insurance