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1、A Study on the Poetry Translation in the Two English Versions of Hong Lou Meng from the Perspectives of Foreignization and Domestication Introduction 0.1 Research Background In the western academic world of translation, it can be traced to Ancient Rome about the conception of foreignization and dome
2、stication, such as literal translation and free translation mentioned by Cicero, word-for-word and sense-for-sense translations mentioned by St. Jerome. In ancient China, the history of translation is also a competition between foreignization and domestication. As for the first period of time in tra
3、nslationtranslating the Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, Dao an (道 安 ） firmly advocates foreignizing method, Kumarajiva ( 鸠 摩 罗 什 ） finnly advocates domesticating translation, Huiyuan (慧远 ） and Xuanzang (玄奘 ） are the famous representatives of the compromise of the two methods. When it come
4、s to modem times, the famous German translation theorist, Friedrich Schleiermacher put forward the methods of translation that: there are only two. Either the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him, or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as po
5、ssible, and moves the author towards him” (Lefevere, 1977: 74). In 1876, another German translation theorist Week supported Schleiermacher opinion. Both of them believed that these MA Thesis two translation strategies are impossible to reconcile. In 1995, Lawrence Venuti gave the definition of the t
6、wo methods as foreignizing method and domesticating method. Nida once stated one of his principles of translatingcomplete naturalness of expression, which obviously involved domestication. Toury located translation as always in the middle: No translation is ever entirely “acceptable” to the target c
7、ulture because it will always introduce new information and form defamiliarizing to that system, nor is any translation entirely “adequate” to the original version because the cultural norms cause shifts from the source text structures (Toury, 1980: 94). In his book After Bable, George Stainer state
8、d the latitude of translation. In his opinion, translation that goes to any extreme will spoil the principle of fidelity. In modem China, Yan Fu (严复 )advocated three criteria of translation. They are faithfulness, expressiveness and gracefulness. Of the three criteria, faithfulness is of great impor
9、tance. Since the announcement of these three criteria, they have dominated translation practices in China till today. In order to object the viewpoint of Zhao Jingshen (赵 景深 )， who advocated that being smooth in translation rather than being faithfbl， Lu Xun (鲁迅 ） put forward that being faithful 2 u
10、 ,? A Study on the Poetry Translation in the Two English Versions of Hong Lou Meng from the Perspectives of Foreignization and Domestication rather than being smooth in translation (陈福康， 2000: 293-295). Actually Lu Xun advocated faithfulness and expressiveness in translation, and put faithfulness in
11、 the first place. In the contemporary era, the famous translation theorist, Liu Zhongde put forward faithfulness? expressiveness and closeness. In his opinion, faithfulness means keeping the meaning of the original text, expressiveness means making the translation smooth and can be easily understood
12、, and closeness aims to correspond with the style of the original text. To some extent, all these criteria of translation are the combination of domestication and foreignization. Translation is an important way to promote the communication between different cultures. In the process of translation, t
13、ranslators different attitudes toward source language culture and target language culture will affect the choice of foreignization and domestication. The preference for foreignization benefits the maintenance and transmission of source language and culture, but the inclination to domestication may l
14、ead to the distortion or even disappearance of source language and culture. The latter benefits the target language readers easy understanding, while the former may lead to mechanical translation. To develop a full understanding of foreignization and domestication, their relationship with literal an
15、d liberal translations should be made out firstly. The literal and free translations are focusing on linguistic level of 3 MA Thesis the translation, while domestication and foreignization are focusing on not only the linguistic level, but also on the cultural level ( 郭建 中， 1999). Foreignization and
16、 domestication are mainly used to deal with culture-loaded expressions. Poetry in Hong Lou Meng is typical of Chinese culture and linguistic characteristics. 0.2 Research on Poetry and Poetry Tra nslation in Ho ng Lou Meng Hong Lou Meng is a world famous masterpiece, which demonstrates clothing, foo
17、d, architecture, social system, social customs, conventions, education, literature, art and philosophy etc. It is an encyclopedia of researching ancient Chinese literature and culture. The culture of Chinese Nation has a long history, in which poetry plays a very important role. The translation of p
18、oetry in Hong Lou Meng is not only an integral part of this novel, but also an important part of the translation of Chinese classical poems. Hong Lou Meng is the summit of classical Chinese novels, and it is insurmountable. There are more than two hundred well-designed traditional verses in this nov
19、el, which form an inseparate part of the novel and reflect the typical personalities of different roles. Therefore, the accurate translation of verses in Hong Lou Meng is necessary for target language readers to understand the novel. In 1830, John Davis translated Hong Lou Meng into English and he 4