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1、8A UNIT 21. fall / autumn 名词 秋天 in fall / autumn fall 作动词意落下，降落，过去式fell. Apples fall from the tree. fall down 跌倒，失败 fall in love (with sb.) 爱上. 坠入爱河2. discuss 动词，“讨论，辩论”，过去式discussed. 名词性：discussion“讨论，论述” discussant“商讨者，讨论者” Discuss sth. with sb. 与某人讨论某事 You neednt discuss this matter with me. disc
2、uss doing sth 讨论/商讨做某事 They discussed selling the house. *talk about sth with sb. 讨论/谈及He doesnt like to talk about his private life.3. offer 1) 名词 “主动提议，出价，录取通知书” a job offer 一个工作机会 Thank you for your kind offer of help. accept/refuse an offer 接受拒绝好意2)动词“主动提出，资源给于”，过去式offered， 类似give offer sth to s
3、b= offer sb sth He offered some useful advice（建议）. Thank you for offering me help. They decide to offer the job to John.4. spend 1)名词“花费，开销”。复数spends The average spend at the cafe is 10 a head。2)动词 “用，花（钱,时间）,度过（时间）”，过去式spent. spend +钱/时间（on sth./ doing sth. ）I spend too much time watching televisio
4、n.I went to spend a few days at the seaside. * spend/take/cost 区别：spend 主语是人，take/cost主语一般指物， Joe spends 2 hours doing homework.= It takes Joe 2 hours to do homework.= Doing homework takes Joe 2 hours. He spent 20 dollars wathing the match.= Watching the match cost him 20 dollars. *cost的过去式为cost/cos
5、ted.5. help 1)名词“帮助，救助”。复数helps/help. with the help of 在.的帮助下 She stopped smoking with the help of her family and friends. ask for help 寻求帮助 need help 需要帮助2) 动词“帮助，援助”。过去式helped. help oneself自用/自取所需 help each other互相帮助 cant/couldnt hep.忍不住/禁不住. *help sb. with sth/in doing sth *help sb (to) do sth中“t
6、o”常省掉 This charity（慈善机构） aims to help people help themselves. We must all try and help each other. He always helps with the housework.6. health 名词，形容词性healthy ; keep healthy= keep in good healthHes always enjoyed good health.7. 基数词+percent 或 分数 of + 名词 作主语时，谓语动词由of后名词来决定： Fifty-five percent of stude
7、nts in our school are boys. Ninety-nine percent of the work has been finished. Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is covered by sea.8. although & though 1） although 连词“尽管，虽然”“然而，但是”引导从句。although不指假设的情况，一般不做副词。Although 引导的从句在主句前后均可 He often helps me with my english, although he is quite busy.
8、= Although he is quite busy, he often helps me with my english.2） though 作连词“虽然，尽管”和although大致同义，但although相对比较正式；作副词“不过，然而” Though she gave no sign, I was sure she had seen me. 作连词 His clothes, though old and worn, looked clean and of good quality.作副词 Its hard work, I enjoy it though. 作副词*though 可以使
9、引导的从句部分倒装： Strange though it may sound, I was pleased it was over.* as though “好像，仿佛”： even though “即使，纵然”。It sounds as though you had a good time.She wouldnt change it, even though she knew it was wrong.9. afraid 形容词“害怕的，担心的，遗憾的，勉强的”1）be afraid of sb/sth/doing & be afraid to do sth 害怕/担心.She was af
10、raid to open the door.I started to feel afraid of going out alone at night.2）afraid+ （that）从句 Im afraid there is worse to come. 3）Im afraid 表很遗憾，恐怕.，对不起 I cant help you, Im afraid. 10. none & no one 1) none 指人或物,可与of连用，后跟可数/不可数名词。可用于回答“how many/much”None of these pens works/work.Is there any more mi
11、lk? No, none at all . None of us knew how to treat her.2) No one 仅可指人，做主语，谓语用单数，用于回答“who” There was no one else around. No one likes to lose.11. 频率副词+短语 always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, hardly, neverOnce, twice, three times, once a week/month.12. How come.? 为什么，怎么会？ 和why同义。 -They dont say a single word to each other.How come? How come you look so tired? How come my toy car doesnt work?13. Why dont/doesnt +do.?= Why not+do.? Why dont you lie down for a while? = Why not lie down for a while?