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1、直接引语和间接引语直接引语和间接引语 (Direct(Direct andand IndirectIndirect Speech)Speech)简述简述直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。例如：例如：SheShe says,says, “
2、I Illll nevernever forgetforget thethe moment.moment.”变成间接引语为变成间接引语为 SheShe sayssays thatthatsheshellll neverneverforgetforget thethe moment.moment.但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。化。1. 直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律一般规律在直接引语中在直接引语中在间接引语中在间接引语中指示代词指示代词thistheseth
3、atthose时间状语时间状语nowtodayyesterdaylast weektomorrownext yearTwo days agothenthat daythe day beforethe week beforethe next daythe next yeartwo days before地点状语地点状语herethere动词时态动词时态一般现在时现左进行时现在完成时一般过去时过去完成时一般将来时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成时（不变）过去将来时动词变化动词变化can/maymustcomebringcould/mighthad togotake间接引语中时间与地点转换参考
4、：间接引语中时间与地点转换参考：例如:I will see youherehere tomorrowtomorrow, she said.She said that she would seemetherethere thethe nextnext dayday.最常用的显示如下:that dayI saw himtodaytoday, she said.She said that she had seen himthatthatdayday.Yesterdaythe day beforeI saw himyesterdayyesterday, she said.She said that s
5、he had seenhimthethedayday beforebefore.The day before yesterdaytwo days beforeI met herthethe dayday beforebeforeyesterdayyesterday, he said.He said that he had met hertwotwo daysdaysbeforebefore.Tomorrowthe next/following dayIll see youtomorrowtomorrow, he saidHe said that he would see methethenex
6、tnext dayday.The day after tomorrowin two days time/ two days laterWell comethethe dayday afteraftertomorrowtomorrow, they said.They said that they would comeinintwotwo daysdays time/time/ twotwo daysdays laterlater.Next week/month/yearthe following week/month/yearI have an appointmentnextnext weekw
7、eek,she said.She said that she had anappointmentthethe followingfollowing weekweek.Last week/month/yearthe previous/week/month/yearI was on holidaylastlast weekweek, hetold us.He told us that he had been onholidaythethe previousprevious weekweek.agobeforeI saw hera a weekweek agoago, he said.He said
8、 he had seen hera a weekweekbeforebefore.this (for time)thatIm getting a new carthisthisweek,she said.She said she was getting a newcarthatthatweek.this/thatthis/that ( (形容词形容词) )theDo you likethisthisshirt? he askedHe asked if I likedthetheshirt.hereherethereHe said, I liveherehere.He told me he li
9、vedtherethere.其他变化其他变化: :通常来说, 第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数（除非讲话者在引用自己的话）:I/me/my/mine,I/me/my/mine, you/your/yoursyou/your/yourshim/his/her/hershim/his/her/herswe/us/our/ours,we/us/our/ours, you/your/yoursyou/your/yoursthey/their/theirs:they/their/theirs:He said: I likeyouryournew car.He told her that heliked
10、herhernew car.I said: Im going tomymyfriends house.I said thatI was going tomymyfriends house.通常来说通常来说，转换成间接引语时转换成间接引语时，要在直要在直接引语时间的基础上提前一个时态接引语时间的基础上提前一个时态: :She said, Iamamtired.She said that shewaswastired.变化如下:一般现在时一般现在时一般过去时一般过去时I alwaysdrinkdrinkcoffee, shesaidShe said that shealwaysdrankdrank
11、coffee.现在进行时现在进行时过去进行时过去进行时Iamam readingreadinga book, heexplained.He explained that hewaswasreadingreadinga book一般过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时Billarrivedarrivedon Saturday,he said.He said that Billhadhadarrivedarrivedon Saturday现在完成时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时Ihavehave beenbeento Spain, hetold me.He told me that hehadha
12、d beenbeentoSpain过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时Ihadhad justjust turnedturnedout thelight, he explained.He explained that hehadhad justjustturnedturned outoutthe light.现在完成进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时They complained, Wehavehavebeenbeenwaitingwaitingfor hours.They complained that theyhadhadbeenbeen waitingwaitingfo
13、r hours.过去进行时过去进行时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时Wewerewere livinglivingin Paris,they told me.They told me that theyhadhad beenbeenlivinglivingin Paris.一般将来时一般将来时过去将来时过去将来时Iwillwill bebein Geneva onMonday, he saidHe said that hewouldwould bebeinGeneva on Monday.将来进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时过去将来进行时She said, IllIll bebe usingusin
14、gthecar next Friday.She said that shewouldwould bebeusingusingthe car next Friday.2. 直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素三要素要素一要素一：陈述句陈述句的间接引语的间接引语连接词用连接词用 thatthat，在口语中可省略。引述，在口语中可省略。引述动词用动词用 said,said, told,told, 等等。例如：1)Hesaidsaid: “Ive left my book in my room.”Hetoldtoldme that he had left his book in his room.2)Sh
15、esaidsaid: “He will be busy.”Shesaidsaidthat he would be busy.要素二：要素二：疑问句疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用 ifif 或或 whetherwhether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用而引述选择疑问句时只能用 whetherwhether，引述动词引述动词用用 askedasked，没有间接引语没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语的可以加一个间接宾语 me,me, himhim 等（去掉问号）等（去掉问号）例如：1）Shesaidsaidto Tom, “Can you help me?”She
16、askedaskedTomifif /whether/whetherhe could help her.She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”She askedmewhetherwhetherthat book was mine or his.2)特殊疑问句特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词用原句中的疑问词作连接词， 改为陈述语序改为陈述语序（即（即 S+V+.S+V+.）。）。例如： The teacher asked,“how did you repair it?”The teacherasked mehowhow I I hadhad repair
17、edrepaired itit.要素三：要素三：祈使句祈使句的间接引语的间接引语采用采用“动词动词+ +宾语宾语+ +不定式不定式”结构。结构。told即askedsb. (not)to do sth.orderedwarned注意注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语引语中的呼语可改成宾语。 引语中的引语中的 pleaseplease 去掉去掉， 动词改为动词改为 askask1)The teachersaidsaidto the students,“Don t wasteyour time.” The teachertoldtoldthe studentsnotnot totowastetheir
18、time.2)The mothersaid,said,“Tom, get upearly,pleaseplease.”The motheraskedaskedTomtotoget up early.3. 直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变五不变”1 1 直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变时态不变。例如：The teacher said, “The earthgoesgoesroundthe sun.”The teacher said that theearthgoesgoesround the sun.My fath
19、er said,“Practicemakesmakesperfect.”My father saidpracticemakesmakesperfect.2.2.直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的， 习惯性的动作习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时时态不变时态不变。例如：The boy said to us, “ I usuallygetget upupatsix every day.” The boy told us he usuallygetsgets upupatsix every day.He said,
20、“Wearearestill students.He said theyarearestill students.3 3 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语时态不变时态不变。例如：He said to me, “Iwaswasborn in 1978.”He told me that hewaswasborn in 1978.The engineer said, “Iwaswasat college in1967.”The engineer said hewaswasat college in1967.4 4直接引语中凡有直接引语中凡有 WhenWhe
21、n， sincesince，whilewhile 引导的从句，在引导的从句，在变为间接引语时变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变从句的时态不变。例如：He said, “Ihavehave studiedstudiedEnglish since Iwaswasaboy.” He said hehadhad studiedstudiedEnglish sincehewaswasa boy.She said, “Ireadreadthe book whileIwaswaswaiting for a bus.She said shehadhadreadreadthe book
22、 while shewaswaswaiting for a bus.Mr. Green said to them, “Joetoldtoldmeall about his story when heaskedaskedfor a job.”Mr.Green told them Joehadhad toldtoldhim all about his storywhen heaskedaskedfor a job.5 5如果直接引语中引述部分含有如果直接引语中引述部分含有 insist,insist, suggest,suggest, demandemand d等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，
23、引语中的主从句时等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。态都不变。例如：He said, “Weinsistedinsistedthatshestartstartimmediately.He said they(had)(had)insistedinsistedthat shestartstartimmediately.She said, “Hedemandeddemandedthat thegirlleaveleaveat once.”She said hedemandeddemandedthatthe girlleaveleaveat once.另外另外如果说话人转述
24、自己的话如果说话人转述自己的话， 人称不变人称不变. .例如：I said to him, “I Ihave finished it.”I told himI Ihad finished it.如果就在当地转述如果就在当地转述, , herhere e不必变为不必变为 therethere， comecome 不必改为不必改为 gogo， 如果就在当天如果就在当天转述，则转述，则 today,today, yesterday,yesterday, tomorrowtomorrow 等等状语不状语不变变。例如：She said to us, Illcomecomehereheretomorrowtomorrow.”She told us she wouldcomecome hereheretomorrowtomorrow.如果在电话上转述别人的如果在电话上转述别人的话，则前后话，则前后时态不变时态不变。例如：Daniel：Please tell Amy I have theinformation she wants.Mrs Zhao（said to Amy）：Danielsays he has the informationyou want.