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1、2022年高考英语大二轮复习讲与练(通用版)01名词、冠词、数词、代词及介词在语法填空中的表达【高频考点回顾】高频考点一名词【真题再现】语法填空1. (2017全国卷 II )In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from
2、work.2. (2017-: 13 II )Later, engineers managed to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道),which became known as the Tube. This development was only possible with the (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts.3. (2017全国卷 I ) This trend, which was started by the medical community(医
3、学界)as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side (effect) such as overweight and heart disease-the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.4. (2018全国卷III) My name is Mireya Mayor. Vm a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.答案:1. crowds 2. introduct
4、ion 3.effects 4. scientist【关键技法点拨】语法填空解题策略:L根据语境标志词判断名词看到冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词时,要想到名词;遇到介词或及物动词时要想到名词;(3)当看到并列连词所连接的前或后是名词时要想到名词。2.根据规那么确定名词单复数(1)如果空格处被zese, several,和数词等修饰时,要考虑用名词的复数形式;如果一般现在时的谓语动词是动词原形或“%要考虑用名词的复数形式; 在平时学习中要熟记名词单数变复数的规那么,方能解决好此类问题。都任一都不两者botheitherneither三者或三者以上allanynone4something、 any
5、thing nothing 的用法句式语意something肯定句某事,某物疑问句请求,征求意见anything条件句、否认句、疑问句任何东西(事物)肯定句任何东西(事物)nothing陈述句没有一点东西提示固定搭配:anything but(根本不)、nothing but(只不过;仅仅)、all but(差不多)、none but(仅 仅;只有)。everything意为“每件事物;所有事物”,强调整体,与not连用时表示局部否认,意为“并不是 所有事物都5. none no one/nobody nothing 的用法提示no one(无任何人)、nothing(无任何事)、none(无
6、任何上文提到的人或物)。指代回答特/泛指none人或物how many/much特指no one/nobody指人who泛指nothing指物what泛指三、冠词的基本用法L不定冠词的基本用法用在第一次提到的可数名词单数前,表泛指。At that time, I was working in a factory. The factory produces car parts.那时,我在一家工厂工作。那家工厂生产各种汽车部件。(2)泛指一类人或事物或指同类中的“一个”。Experts think that the recently discovered painting may be a Pic
7、asso.专家们认为最近发现的那幅画可能是毕加索的作品。表示“每。相当于per,用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。(4)表示数量“一”(强调时用one)或“任何一个,Suddenly they heard a loud noise.他们突然听到一声巨响。(5)表示“某一个,相当于a certain。There is a Mr. Smith on the phone.有位史密斯先生打 来。(6)表示“同一;相同”,相当于the same。They happen
8、 to be of an age and wear clothes of a colour.他们碰巧同龄而且穿着相同颜色的衣服。(7)不定冠词与物质名词或抽象名词连用抽象名词和物质名词在表示概念时,其前常用零冠词;但在表示具体的人或事物时变成了可数名词, 需要与不定冠词连用,表示“一个、一种、一场、一阵”等。具有此用法的名词有:物质名词:rain snow、 fog、 wind drink coffee、 beer fire paper等;抽象名词:success failure surprise pleasure beauty wonder、 comfort、 danger、 shock 等
9、。The operation is a success and the patient is now out of danger.手术很成功,病人目前脱离了危险。After preparing all the equipment for an outdoor photography, suddenly a heavy rain came.为户外摄影做好一切准备后,突然下起了大雨。2.定冠词the的用法(1)特指前面已提及的人或物,或双方都知道的人或物。 Take your time-its just a short distance from here to the restaurant.不着
10、急从这里到那家餐馆只有很短的一段距离。(2)用于单数可数名词或形容词及分词前,表“一类人或物”。 The explosion saw people rush to help the injured.爆炸发生后,人们赶到现场帮助受伤的人。(3)用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数(表示某个年代)前。 Its said that corn was grown a lot in Tibet in the 17th century.据说在十七世纪的时候西藏大量种植玉米。(4)用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩 The Smiths lived in the apartmen
11、t above ours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。(5)用于序数词或形容词最高级前使用定冠词表示“最.的”。提示当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一;再一知寸,用不定冠词,如a second time,意为“再一次;又 一次(6)用于“动词+ sb. +介词+ the+表示身体某一部位的名词”结构中,该结构中的the不能用物主代词代 替。如take sb. by the arm“抓某人的胳膊”。(7)用于“by + the +表示计量单位的单数名词”结构中,表示“按计算如by the hour/day/week/month/kilo/ton/dozen 等。但 size、weight tim
12、e 这类名词跟 by 连用时,不加冠词,如 by height/weighto .零冠词的基本用法(写作中一定要注意不能出错)(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前,一般不加冠词,如China、America Smitho(2)表示季节、月份、星期和节日的名词前和学科、语言、三餐、球类运动、棋类游戏的名词前不用冠 1司。I like physics though its a bit difficult.尽管物理有点难,但我很喜欢。提示(1)表示语言的名词之后有language时那么要加定冠词,如the English languageo(2)如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季
13、节,需加定冠词,如in the spring of the year 2018。(3)在中国的传统节日前用定冠词the,如the Spring Festivalo(4)称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词做宾语补足语及同位语时,不加冠词。常用的名词有king、 presidents chairman monitor head 等。(5)系动词turn后的单数名词做表语时,单数名词前不加冠词。After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer while Mary good manager.多年的努力后汤姆成了工程师,而玛丽成了好经理。(6)as/tho
14、ugh引导的局部倒装句,结构为“零冠词+单数名词+ as/though +主语+谓语+主句”,意为“虽 然/尽管但是Hero as/though he is, he has some shortcomings.尽管他是个英雄,但他有些缺点。四、冠词的固定搭配1 .不定冠词用于固定搭配中at a loss不知所措;困惑have a word with 与谈话all of a sudden 突然in a hurry 匆忙地as a rule 通常be on a visit参观;拜访as a matter of fact 事实上as a result 因此be on a diet 节食have a
15、gift for在某方面有天赋have/catch a cold 感冒make a living 谋生have/take a rest 休息in a way从某种意义上说give sb. a lift让某人搭便车2 .定冠词用于固定短语中at the moment 此刻;目前at the same time 同时not in the least 一点也不on the contrary 相反in the end最后;最终on the whole 总的来说to tell the truth 说实话in the distance 在远处on the other hand 另一方面to the poi
16、nt中肯;切题make the most of充分利用;最大限度地从某物获益by the way 顺便说一下go to the cinema/theater 去看 电影/戏剧in the middle of 在中间五、常考介词1.表时间和方位的介词在以下短语中,at用于表示时间段的名词前。表示时间 的介词at, in, onat表示时间点;in表示时间段,与表示较长 段时间的词 搭配;。n表示在特定的日子、具体的日期、星期几、具体的 某一天或某些节日;也可表示在具体的某一天的上午、下午或 晚上。in, after两者后均可接时间段,表示“在之后”,但“in+时间段”常 与将来时连用,“afte
17、r+时间段”常与过去时连用。for, since, from“for+时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久;“since+时 间点”强调自过去某时延续至今的一段时间;“from+时间点” 只表示行为或状态的起始点。before,bybefore与by都可表刁:在之刖“,但by表示“不迟于某时“,包括某时在内。表示方位 的介词on, above, overon指在某物的外表上,其反义词是beneath;above指离开 物体外表而在其上方,不一定是垂直向上,其反义词是below; over指禺开物体外表而在其正上方,其反义词是under。(注 意:over还可以表示在期间;一边一边)across,
18、 through, past, over, along, by, besideacross指从T面上“横穿”或“在对面”;through指从 人群或物体内部“穿过,贯穿“;past表示动态的动作发生在 某人/某物的旁边;over表示从上方越过;along表小“沿 着”;by与beside均表示“在.旁边”,by含有“倚,凭靠” 的意思,beside指两者位置关系。at, in, onat后接较小的地方或门牌号码;in后接较大的地方;on一般 指与面或线接触。in, on, to, offin表示在某一范围之内;on表示与某一地区“毗邻,接壤”;to 表示在某范围之外;off表示“(时空上)离,
19、距,at dinner time在(吃)晚饭时at weekends/the weekend 在周末(2)当时间名词前有this、that、last next every each some等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。 this morning 今天上午last year 去年(3)“on +名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一就On my arrival/arriving home, I discovered they had gone. 我一到家就发现他们已经离开了。2.其他介词介词用法against反对,违背,与.相反;触;碰撞;紧靠,倚靠;与竞争,对阵;以 为背景at用在表示某地点、场合、
20、方位等的名词前;用在表示时刻、钟点、期 间 岁、时节等的名词前;以,按(价格、速度、数量等);朝、向、 对着某人/某物的方向。beyond(指程度)深于;(指范围)超出;(指可能性、理解力、能力等)非可及;(时 间)晚于by(时间)不迟于,在之前;常用于结构“by+the+单数名词”表示“按 计算”;(表示程度、数量)相差;经过,经由;通过(某种方法、手段)for(表示目的或功能)为了;(表示对象或用途)给,对;(表示原因)因为, 由于;(表示时间、距离、数量)达,计;支持,赞成;至于,关于, 就而言;(表示去向)往,向;(表示陈述或问题的对象)对于in(表示地点、场所、位置等)在里面;在内;
21、(表示时间)在 期间;在(一段时间)以内;在之后;(表示某人或某物的状态、情况) 处于中;关于;在方面on(表示接触或由某一外表支撑着)在上;(表示时间)在时候; 关于,有关;借助于,通过,以方式with和一起,和,同,跟;(伴)随着;具有,带有;由于,因为;(表示方式) 用六、介词短语1. at+名词at a loss不知所措at dinner在吃晚餐at peace处于和平状态at dawn 在黎明at war在战争中 at work 在工作2. 其他高频介词短语against time 争分夺秒at the sight of 一看到at the age of 在岁时in (the) fa
22、ce of 面对;面临in addition (to) 另外;除了in case of 万一in charge of 负责; 主管in favour of 赞成;支持in need of 需要in no time 立亥(Jin a hurry 匆忙in preparation for 为做准备in return for 作为回报ofhelp/use有帮助的/有用的of importance 重要的on behalf of 代表3. by+名词by accident偶然地by chance偶然地by force用暴力 by hand 手工地by mistake 错误地 by the month
23、按月算4. beyond+名词beyond comparison 无与伦比beyond control 失控beyond description 难以描述beyond doubt毋庸置疑beyond expression 难以表达beyond (ones) reach 够不到5. in +名词in bed 在床上in danger处于危险中in debt负债in difficulty 处于困难中in high spirits情绪高昂in need处于困难中in order整齐;井然有序in surprise吃惊地in trouble 在困难中in use 使用中6. on+名词on a tri
24、p 在旅行 on business 出差on display/show 在展出 on duty 在值班on holiday/vacation 在度假 on sale 在出售on strike 在罢工 on the way 在途中7. outof+名词out of balance 失去平衡 out of control 失去控制out of danger 脱离危险 out of date 过期out of order 出故障 out of work 失业8. under+名词under consideration 在考虑中under construction 在建造中under control
25、在控制之下under discussion 在讨论 中under pressure 在压力下under repair 在修理中under treatment 在 治疗中七、动词短语1 .常考动词的固定结构和搭配 用于“动词+ 5卜/5由+ 0+$也.”结构的常见动词有:accuse控告 cheat欺骗 cure治愈 inform 通知remind使想起rob抢劫 warn警告rid使摆脱suspect 怀疑 persuade 说服 convince 使信服You need to convince them of your enthusiasm for the job.你要使他们相信你对这份工作
26、的热情。 用于“动词+ $1/5由.+版+51:11.结构的常见动词有:blame 责备 criticize 批评 forgive 原谅 excuse 原谅pardon原谅 punish惩罚scold责备thank感谢praise赞扬respect尊重admire钦佩;赞赏The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching.这所学校教学优秀,广受赞誉。(3次 用于“动词+ sb./sth. + from+(doing) sth.”结构的常见动词有:prevent阻止 stop 阻止ke叩 阻止protect保护 preserve保护;
27、保存 defend保卫ban禁止 prohibit阻止;禁止 shelter保护You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold.你需要穿暖些,以免着凉。2 .常考的动词短语remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事result from 由造成,因而产生call at访问(某地)add to 增加call for要求;需要care about 关心end up with 以结束fix one*s eyes on 注视give in 屈服;上交get rid of免除;摆脱look down on/upon 轻视;看不起mak
28、e use of 利用run out of 用完take pride in 因而自豪live up to 不辜负come up with 提出take on呈现put forward 提出put up with 忍受make fun of 取笑adapt to 适应refer to涉及;查阅;指的是come across (偶然)遇见pick up捡起;用车接(某人);接收;偶然习得【高频考点强化】阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。1The British have many traditions but there is nothing more qui
29、ntessential (典型的)than taking afternoon tea. We know the British have a love affair with drinking tea, L more than 160 million cups drunk every day, but it was the invention of afternoon tea that turned tea-drinking into 2_ popular pastime.This sociable feast involves drinking good quality tea 3 (com
30、fort) while nibbling (小 口吃)on nice sandwiches, scones with jam and cream and a selection of small cakes. And, of course, it can only happen in the afternoon! Afternoon tea, 4 (design) as a light snack to bridge the gap between lunch and dinner, dates back to the 1840s. It went on to become a 5_ (fas
31、hion) social occasion for the upper classes.Now there is a resurgence (复苏)in its (popular) in the UK and it is available to anyone who can afford it. 7. it can be enjoyed at home, the best way to experience it is at a smart hotel of cafe. But if youre thinking of visiting such a place 8 (enjoy) a pl
32、ate of sweet and tasty treats with a steaming hot brew, remember the rules you must follow to avoid ” (ask) to leave.Writer Henry James once noted that “there are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour devoted to the ceremony known as afternoon tea”. Im sure once you try it, you 10. (agree).
33、【答案】with1. acomfortably2. designedfashionable3. popularity4. Though / AlthoughAVhileto enjoy5. being askedwill agree【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了英式下午茶。1 .考查with的复合结构。此题考查with+名词+过去分词。句意:我们都知道英国人爱喝茶,他们每天 要喝掉16亿多杯茶。故填with。2 .考查冠词。单数可数名词前用不定冠词表泛指。句意:不过,下午茶的创造才真正将品茶变成了一项受 欢迎的休闲活动。故填a。3 .考查副词。修饰整个句子用副词形式。句意:这种
34、社交活动包括:舒服地饮用质量上好的茶。故填 comfortably o.考查非谓语动词。逻辑主语Afternoon tea与动词design为被动关系,故用过去分词作状语。句意:下午 茶是为了填补午餐和晚餐之间的空当而出现的轻便小食。故填designedo4 .考查形容词。冠词后、名词前用形容词作定语入句意:之后,下午茶的习惯逐渐成为上流社会时髦的社 交活动。故填fashionable。5 .考查名词。代词its后接名词形式。句意:如今下午茶的风潮又在英国兴起。故填popularity。6 .考查连词。根据前后句逻辑关系可知,这里引导让步状语从句。句意:尽管在家里可以享用,但体验下 午茶的最正
35、确方式是去豪华酒店或者咖啡馆。故填Though / AlthoughAVhileo.考查非谓语动词。这里用不定式作目的状语。句意:如果你想去这样的地方去品尝甜品和美味小食,再 饮一壶刚泡好的热茶。故填to enjoy。7 .考查非谓语动词。动词avoid后接doing作宾语。逻辑主语you与ask之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。 句意:有些规矩是必须遵守的,否那么人家可能会请你离开。故填being asked。8 .考查时态。主句将来时,时间状语从句用一般现在时或现在完成时表将来。句意:我确信一旦你试过, 你就会同意。故填will agree。2Luoyang is one of the cit
36、ies in China IL artistic, religious and scientific cultures all once developed like never before. Daoism began there and the first Buddhist temple 12. (build) in the city. This special spot is not only the hometown of Chinas most famous 13. (invent) including papermaking, printing and the compass, b
37、ut also home to the nations most brilliant poets and painters.Today, Luoyang still attracts many tourists every year. Located in the middle reaches (中游)of the Yellow River in Central Chinas Henan Province and 14.(surround) by mountains and plains, Luoyang occupies 15.important strategic (战略的)locatio
38、n.As one of Chinas ancient capitals, Luoyang was a seat of power for 13 dynasties and is a city with a splendid historical and 16. (culture) background. Its long history endows (贝武予)it with rich culture, which is 17. (easy) seen in grand palaces, temples and caves. The city is also well known 18. th
39、eCity of Peony”. In spring, many tourists travel to Luoyang 19. (appreciate) the beautiful peony. Luoyang is now an energetic and charming tourist place that 20.(welcome) guests from all over the world to explore its glorious past.【答案】where6. was builtinventions7. surroundedan8. culturaleasily9. ast
40、o appreciate10. welcomes【解析】这是一篇说明文,文章介绍了中国历史文化名城洛阳。11 .考查关系副词。Luoyang是先行词,在定语从句中充当地点状语成分,故填where。12 .考查动词的时态和语态。the first Buddhist temple是主语,与谓语动词build是被动关系,began提示是 过去时态,故填was builto.考查名词。根据后面列举的创造判断是很多创造,用复数形式,故填inventions。13 .考查非谓语动词。根据and判断此处与Located并列用非谓语动词,“包围”和“大山”是被动关系,用过 去分词,故填surroundedo.
41、考查冠词。此处表示“洛阳占据一个重要的位置”,故填an。14 .考查形容词。根据historical and判断要用形容词形式,形容词修饰名词,故填cultural。15 .考查副词。副词修饰动词,故填easily。3.熟记常见名词后缀:/ge表示”状态;场所;费用”;.o9表示“工作场所;住处”;o/ogy表示.学;论”;-忆 表示“状态”;勺表示“性质;状态”;”表示“境遇;状况;性质;行为”;由 表示“主义”;表示“性质;状态;程度”。【重点知识提示】一、名词的数L可数名词单数变复数一般情况下,在词尾直接加-s: bookbooks, mouthmouths, househouses,
42、girl-girls。以-s、 -x、 -ch、 -sh 结尾的 名词,在 词 尾 力口 -es : glass一glasses, box一boxes, match一matches, brush一brushes, 特殊:stomachso以辅音字母加-y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i 再加-es: citycities, country-countries, party-parties, factory factories。以-o结尾的名词变为复数时,常在词尾加-s,但以下名词要加-es,即Negroes heroes echoes potatoes、 tomatoes。*以下以-o结尾的名词既
43、可以加-es,也可以加s: zeros (zeroes) mosquitos (mosquitoes) volcanos (volcanoes) o以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时,一般需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves,即selves lives thieves wives knives leaves shelves wolves halves o*以下单词可在其后直接加s,如beliefs、roofs等;以下以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以 直接力口-s, 如 handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) scarfs (scarves)o合成名词变成复数时,通
44、常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,那么将最后一部 分变为复数。如:sons-in-law; passers-by; story-tellers; grown-ups; housewives。2 .有些名词复数形式不是以加一s或一es构成,它们的不规那么构成形式如下:变化规那么例词变内部元音man一men, woman一women, footfeet, mousemice, goose一geese, toothteeth词尾加一en或一renoxoxen, child一children单复数同形fish, sheep, deer, means (方式; 方法),series,
45、Chinese, Swiss3 .有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等,如congratulations (祝贺)、regards (问候)、respects (敬 意)、thanks (谢谢)、wishes (祝愿)、works (作品;著作)等。4 . 一些固定短语中的名词只用复数形式,常见的有:make friends with (与交朋友)、shake handswith (与握手)、take measures (采取措施)、make preparations for (为做准备)、in high spirits (兴高采烈地)、burst into tears (放声大哭)等。5
46、.常考的不可数名词(1)表物质的不可数名词:baggage/luggage (行李)、cash (现金)、meat (肉)、paper (纸张)等。(2)表抽象概念的不可数名词:work (工作)、knowledge (知识)、luck (运气)、scenery (风景)、traffic (交通)等。18. 考查固定搭配。be known as作为.而著名”,故填as。19. 考查非谓语动词。表示目的,用动词不定式,故填t。appreciate。20. 考查主谓一致。that指代place作主语,谓语动词用单数,故填welcomes。3Easy Ways to Build VocabularyIts not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, its 21, ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enoug