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1、关于化合物英文命名规则现在学习的是第1页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds（无机化合物构词法）1.1.Trivial name（俗名）H2O water CaO quicklime （生石灰）NH3 ammonia（复）ammonium（单）K2CO3 potash（草木灰）CaCO3 limestone（石灰石）Hg2Cl2 Calomel(甘汞)现在学习的是第2页，共80页 I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 2.If there are only two elements in the compou
2、nds（化合物）,it is customary（习惯上）to name the more metallic（金属性）element first and the less metallic,or more electronegative（电负性）element second,with the suffix（后缀）“ide”.若化合物中仅有两种元素，习惯上先命名金属性强的元素，后命名金属性弱的元素，再加上ide作为后缀K potassium Na sodium Ca calcium Ba barium S sulfurH hydrogen Cl chlorine Br bromine O oxy
3、gen I iodineKCl potassium chloride NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfideCaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide现在学习的是第3页，共80页 I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 3.For compounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms（原子）,the prefixes（前缀）“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”,etc.become necessary.对
4、于仅含两种元素、但多于两个原子的化合物，加“mono-”,“di-”,“tri-”等前缀很有必要(1)mono-,(2)di-,(3)tri-,(4)tetra-,(5)penta-,(6)hex-,(7)hept-,(8)octa-Cl2O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chlorine monoxideClO2 chlorine dioxide ClO3 chlorine trioxideCl2O7 di-chlorine heptoxide ClO4 chlorine tetroxide 现在学习的是第4页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorgani
5、c compoundsvAnd“-ous”,“-ic”were also used to denote（表示）the lower and higher metallic state.用“-ous”表示低价化合物，用“-ic”表示高价化合物现在学习的是第5页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsvCuI cuprous iodide CuI2 cupric iodidevFeBr2 ferrous bromide FeBr3 ferric bromide vSnCl2 stannous chloride SnCl4 stannic chloridev
6、HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid现在学习的是第6页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsThe element symbols not from English symbolEnglishLatinsymbolEnglish LatinCucoppercuprumAugoldaurumSbautimonystibiumFeironferrumPbleadPlumbumAgSilverarrgentumHgmercuryhydrargyrumNaSodium NatriumKpotassium kaliumSnti
7、nstannum现在学习的是第7页，共80页 I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 4.A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits（展现）only one oxidation state.当化合物中的金属元素仅有一种价态，通常很少加前缀ZnBr2 zinc bromide CaH2 calcium hydrideNa2O sodium oxide Al2S3 aluminum sulf
8、ide 现在学习的是第8页，共80页 I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 5.Three elements present,such compounds are named by combining the suffix“-ate”with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements.And “-ite”,“-ate”are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same elect
9、ronegative element.含三种元素的化合物是通过在两种非金属元素中电负性较弱的一种之后加后缀“-ate”来命名的。对于电负性相同的元素，用“-ite”表示低价元素，用“-ate”表示高价元素 NaNO3 sodium nitrate NaNO2 sodium nitrite 现在学习的是第9页，共80页 I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vWhen there are more than two oxidation states of the electronegative element,prefix used.The prefix“h
10、ypo-”meaning“below”,is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state.The prefix“per-”meaning“highest”,is used when it is in the highest oxidation state.当电负性较低的元素有超过两种价态时，就使用前缀。前缀“hypo-”表示“低于”，用于低价态之前；前缀“per-”表示“高于”，用于高价态之前现在学习的是第10页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsFormulaOxidation state of
11、 less electronegative atomName of saltKNO2+3Potassium nitriteKNO3+5Potassium nitrateRbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteRbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateCsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteCsClO2+5Cesium chloriteCsClO3+5Cesium chlorateCsClO4+7Cesium perchlorate现在学习的是第11页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsvIn inorganic acid,“
12、-ous”,“-ic”are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state.在无机酸中，“-ous”表示用于低价态,“-ic”表示用于高价态 现在学习的是第12页，共80页I.Nomenclature of inorganic compoundsFormulaOxidation state of less electronegative atomName of saltFormula and name of corresponding acid KNO2+3Potassium nitriteH NO2 Nitrous acidKNO3+
13、5Potassium nitrateH NO3 Nitric acidRbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteH2 SO3 Sulfurous acidRbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateH2 SO4 Sulfuric acidCsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteHClO Hypochlorous acidCsClO2+5Cesium chloriteHClO2 chlorous acidCsClO3+5Cesium chlorateHClO3 chloric acidCsClO4+7Cesium perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acid
14、现在学习的是第13页，共80页II.Nomenclature of organic compounds（有机化合物的命名）A.Nonfunctional CompoundsB.（非功能性化合物）现在学习的是第14页，共80页1.Alkane（烷烃）Alkene(olefin)（烯烃）Alkyne（炔烃）IUPAC names(systematic names)trivial names(popular names)IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry现在学习的是第15页，共80页vThe names of linear
15、alkanes,alkenes and alkynes（线型烷烃、烯烃、炔烃的命名）:vSuffixvMethane（甲烷）Icosane（二十烷）(C1 C20 alkanes)-anevethene（乙烯）Icosene（二十烯）(give position of C=C)-ene现在学习的是第16页，共80页v trivial name:ethylene（乙烯）propylene（丙烯）butylene（丁烯）vacetylene(ethyne)（乙炔）Icosyne（二十炔）-ynev(give position of C=C)vMethane（甲烷）ethane（乙烷）propane
16、（丙烷）butane（丁烷）pentane（戊烷）hexane（己烷）heptane（庚烷）octane（辛烷）nonane（壬烷）decane（癸烷）undecane（十一烷）dodecane（十二烷）tridecane（十三烷）vTetradecane（十四烷）pentadecane（十五烷）hexadecane（十六烷）heptadecane（十七烷）octadecane（十八烷）nonadecane（十九烷）icosane（二十烷）(C1-C20 alkanes)现在学习的是第17页，共80页Common substituents（常见取代基）:alkyl（烷基）,alkenyl（烯基
17、）,alkynyl（炔基）groups:Alkyl omit（省略）the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name烷基省略后缀“ane”，将“yl”加在名称之后 methyl（甲基）nonadecyl（十九基）icosyl（二十基）Alkenyl omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name烯基省略最后一个字母“e”，将“yl”加在名称之后 1-propenyl(丙烯基),2-penten（五亚乙基六胺）-2-yl trivial names:vinyl（乙烯基）,allyl(
18、烯丙基)现在学习的是第18页，共80页Alkynyl omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name炔基省略最后一个字母“e”并在名称后加“yl”1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔）benzyl（苄基）phenyl（苯基）If the same alkyl group appears more than once in a molecule（分子）,it is indicated（表明）by the prefixes:（如果同样的烷基在分子中出现超过一次，要通过前缀表明）For identical（完全相
19、同的）simple groups:di-,tri-,tetra-（对于相同的简单基团：di-,tri-,tetra-）For identical complicated（复杂的）group:bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核的）（对于完全相同的复杂集团：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-,）现在学习的是第19页，共80页Branched-alkyl（支链烃）group:Impotant prefix:iso-(异),neo-(新),sec-(仲),tert-(叔)sec-,tert
20、-used only for the butyl groupsec-,tert-仅用于烃基 sec-butyl（仲丁基）,tert-butyl（叔丁基）iso-,neo-used for both compounds and substituents（取代基）.iso-,neo-可用于化合物和取代基 isobutyl（异丁基）,isobutane（异丁烷）,isohexyl（异己基）,neopentyl（新戊基）,neopentane（新戊烷）The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical（依字母顺序的）order in the
21、systematic names（系统名称）of organic compounds.Except the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec-,tert-are not involved in alphabetical listing.在有机化合物的系统命名中，取代基的名称是按照字母顺序给出的，除了前缀iso-and neo-,其他前缀，比如di-,tri-,sec-,tert-，不包含在依字母顺序的列表中现在学习的是第20页，共80页Exercises:2-methylpentane2-甲基戊烷2,2-
22、dimethyl-5-ethyloctane2,2-二甲基-6-乙基壬烷现在学习的是第21页，共80页 3-methyl-6-ethyloctane3-甲基-6-乙基辛烷 4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane3-甲基-4-仲丁基壬烷4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane4-丙基-5-异丙基癸烷现在学习的是第22页，共80页3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene3-丙基-1,3,5-己三烯2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-octane2-甲基-4,4-二异丁基辛烷5-sec-butylnonane5-(2-butyl)nonane
23、5-2-butylnonane5-异丁基壬烷现在学习的是第23页，共80页(2Z,4E)-3-ethyl-2,4-hexadiene顺，反-3-甲基-2,4-己二烯4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene3-乙炔基-1,5-己二烯3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadiene-5-yne3-乙烯基-4-丙基-1,3-己二烯-5-炔现在学习的是第24页，共80页v苄基 benzyc 苯基 phenylvpara-p-对位 meta-m-间位 o-邻位vFe(NO3)3 ferric nitrate Fe(NO2)2 ferro
24、us nitritevNaOH sodium hydroxidevKCl potassium chloridevH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidvBaI2 barium iodidevKClO potassium hypochlorite KClO2 potassium chloritevKClO3 potassium chlorate KClO4 potassium perchloratevCO2 carbon dioxidev实际中的变通：ethene-ethylene ethyne-acetylene现在学习的是第25页，共80页2.Mon
25、ocyclic（单环的）compounds（单环化合物）cyclo+alkane（烷烃）cyclo+alkyl（烷基）cyclo+alkene（烯烃）cyclo+alkenyl（烯基）Cyclohexane（环己烷）Cyclohexene（环己烯）现在学习的是第26页，共80页Cyclopentylcyclohexane环戊基环己烷1,3 cyclohexdiene1,3-环己二烯trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane反-1-乙基-4-甲基环己烷现在学习的是第27页，共80页3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohexene3-乙基-1,4,5-三
26、甲基环己烯2-methyl-5-cyclopentyl-heptane2-乙基-5-环戊基庚烷现在学习的是第28页，共80页Aromatic compounds（芳香族化合物）xylene（二甲苯）o,m,p-benzene（苯）toluene（甲苯）现在学习的是第29页，共80页mesitylene（1,3,5-三甲基苯）styrene（苯乙烯）现在学习的是第30页，共80页Monosubstituted（单基取代的）benzenes:nitrobenzene（硝基苯）ethylbenzene（乙苯）chlorobenzene（氯苯）现在学习的是第31页，共80页aniline（苯胺）cya
27、nobenzene（苯甲腈）phenol（苯酚）现在学习的是第32页，共80页Multisubstituented aromatic compounds（多取代的芳香化合物）m-sec-butyl chlorobenzene间仲丁基氯苯p-acetylbenzoic acid对乙酰苯甲酸o-hydroxybenzoic acid邻羟基苯甲酸现在学习的是第33页，共80页p-ethyltolene对乙基甲苯p-bromomethoxy benzene对溴甲氧基苯3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene3-乙基-4-苯基 环己烯现在学习的是第34页，共80页m-methylanil
28、ine间甲基苯胺O-cyanophenol邻氰基苯酚现在学习的是第35页，共80页o-xylene邻二甲苯phthalic acid邻苯二甲酸perfluorobenzene六氟苯现在学习的是第36页，共80页II.Nomenclature（命名法）of organic compounds B.Functional compounds现在学习的是第37页，共80页 1.Alkyl halides（卤化物）2-iodopropane2-碘丙烷isopropyl iodide异丙基碘(1)halo+the name of alkane(2)The name of alkyl group+halid
29、ehalo:fluoro,chloro,bromo,iodohalide:fluoride,chloride,bromide,iodide2-bromoisohexane2-溴异己烷现在学习的是第38页，共80页Some special names for alkyl halides:CHX3 choroform 氯仿 bromoform溴仿 iodoform碘仿 CH2X2 methylene chloride 二氯甲烷 CX4 carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳 X3C-CX3 perchloro ethane现在学习的是第39页，共80页2.Alcohols（醇）The
30、name of alcohol are given by replacing the final letter“e”of the name of alkane with the suffix“ol”.醇的命名是将烷烃中的最后一个字母“e变为后缀“ol”2-propanol 2-丙醇Isopropanol 异丙醇现在学习的是第40页，共80页2-methyl-1,4-cyclohexanediol2-甲基-1,4-环己二醇2-cyclopenten-1-ol 2-环戊烯-1-醇现在学习的是第41页，共80页 3.Thiols(mercaptan 硫醇)the name of alkane+thi
31、ol O-mercaptotoluene邻巯基甲苯1-propanethiol1-丙硫醇现在学习的是第42页，共80页 4.The salts of alcohols(ROM)醇类的盐The name of cation（阳离子）+the name of R group+oxide（氧化物）ammonium cyclohexyl oxide铵氧环己烷potassium isopentyl oxide钾氧异戊烷现在学习的是第43页，共80页 5.The salts of thiols(RSM)硫醇的盐(1)The name of cation+the name of R group+sulfid
32、e(2)The name of cation+the name of thiol+atelithium tert-butyl sulfide叔丁基锂硫lithium tert-butanethiolate叔丁基硫锂现在学习的是第44页，共80页6.Ethers(R1-O-R2)（醚）(1)The name of R1+the name of R2+ether(2)The name of small alkyloxy+the name of alkaneethyl isopropyl ether乙基异丙基醚(di)ethyl ether 二乙醚sec-butyl methyl ether 仲丁基
33、甲醚2-methoxybutane2-甲氧基丁烷现在学习的是第45页，共80页crown ethers（冠醚）12-crown-418-crown-6现在学习的是第46页，共80页 7.Epoxides（环氧化合物）epoxy+the name of alkane1-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane1-氯基-1,2-环氧丙烷现在学习的是第47页，共80页8.Sulfides R1-S-R2)（硫化物）(1)The name of R1+the name of R2+sulfide (2)The name of small alkylthio+the name of alkanes
34、ec-butyl methyl sulfide仲丁基甲基硫醚2-(methylthio)butane2-甲硫基丁烷现在学习的是第48页，共80页In order to avoid the confusion of SR and CSOH groups in same cases,parenthesis(圆括号)must be correctly used.为了避免在某些情况下对于-SR和-CSOH基团的混淆，圆括号必须正确使用p-ethyl(thiol)benzoic acid对乙基（硫醇）苯甲酸p-(ethylthiol)benzoic acid对乙硫醇苯甲酸 现在学习的是第49页，共80页
35、9.Amines（胺）RNH2 primary RRNH secondaryRRRN tertiaryFor simple amines（胺类）:the names of alkyl groups+amine 现在学习的是第50页，共80页N,N-dimethylpentanamineN，N，-二甲基戊胺1-dimethylaminopentane1-二甲基戊胺2-butylamine2-丁胺bis(2-chloroethyl)amine2（2-氯乙基）胺现在学习的是第51页，共80页cyclohexylammoniumchloride 氯化环己铵tertramethylammonium hy
36、droxide四甲基氢氧化铵现在学习的是第52页，共80页For complicated（复杂的）amines:Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane+amine代替烷烃中的最后一个字母“e”+amineN-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamineN-乙基-3-甲基-2-戊胺3-ethylamino-2-methylcyclohexanol3-乙基胺-2-甲基环己醇N-ethyl-2-methyl-3-hydroxycyclohexanamineN-乙基-2-甲基-3-氢氧化环己胺现在学习的是第53页，共80页10.Al
37、dehydes（醛）Replace the final letter“e”of alkane with“al”,or“carbaldehyde”用“al”或“carbaldehyde”代替烷烃最后一个字母“e”for C1-C5 aldehydes:formaldehyde（甲醛）acetaldehyde（乙醛）propionaldehyde（丙醛）butyraldehyde（丁醛）Valeraldehyde（戊醛）现在学习的是第54页，共80页2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde2-甲基环己烷-甲醛4-ethyl-4-pentenal4-乙基-4-戊烯醛propa
38、nedial 丙二醛现在学习的是第55页，共80页benzaldehyde 苯甲醛1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde1,2,5-三甲醛戊烷3-formyl（甲酰基）heptanedial3-甲酰基庚二醛现在学习的是第56页，共80页 11.ketones（酮）Replace the final letter“e”in the name of alkane with“-one”.用“-one”代替烷烃最后一个字母“e”Write the names of the groups R and R,followed by the word“ketone”.写出基团R和R的名称，后
39、接“ketone”4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one4-甲基-4-乙烯基-2-酮3-pentanone3-戊酮现在学习的是第57页，共80页3-phenylcyclopentanone3-苯基环戊酮1,3-cyclopentanedione1,3-环戊二酮Acetophenone 乙酰苯methyl phenyl ketone 甲基苯基酮现在学习的是第58页，共80页 12.Carboxylic acids（羧酸）vReplace the final letter“e”in the name of the hydrocarbon with“-(o)ic acid”or“carboxy
40、lic acid”.v用“-(o)ic acid”或“carboxylic acid”代替碳氢化合物中的最后一个字母“e”vTrivial names（俗名）for acids containing C1C5 carbon atoms:formic acid（甲酸）acetic acid（乙酸）propionic acid（丙酸）butyric acid（丁酸）valeric acid（戊酸）现在学习的是第59页，共80页2-isohexenoic acid2-异己烯酸butanoic acid 丁酸butyric acid3-butynoic acid 3-丁炔酸现在学习的是第60页，共80
41、页 13.Amides（酰胺）vOmit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“amide”or carboxyamide to the end of the name.v省略烷烃中的最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“amide”或carboxyamide Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms:formamide（甲酰胺）acetamide（乙酰胺）propionamide（丙酰胺）butyramide（丁酰胺）valera
42、mide（戊酰胺）现在学习的是第61页，共80页N,N-dimethylformamideN,N-二甲基甲酰胺butanamide丁酰胺N-ethyl-4-methyl-2,5-hexadienamideN-乙基-4-甲基-2,5-己二烯酰胺cyclopropanecarboxamide环丙基甲酰胺现在学习的是第62页，共80页 14.Ester（酯）vOmit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“(o)ate”or “carboxylate”to the end of the name.v省略烷烃的
43、最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“(o)ate”或“carboxylate”isopropylbenzoate苯甲酸异丙酯ethylbutanoate丁酸乙酯现在学习的是第63页，共80页ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate环戊酸乙酯cyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate4-甲基丁酸环戊酯(2-methyl)3-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate3-甲基环己酸（2-甲基）丁酯现在学习的是第64页，共80页 15.The salts of acids 羧酸盐The name of cation（阳离子）+alkane +
44、“-(o)ate”or“carboxylate”.lithium cyclopentanecarboxylate环戊酸锂sodium acetate 乙酸钠potassium isohexanoate 异丁酸钾现在学习的是第65页，共80页 16.Carboxylic anhydrides酸酐vThe name(s)of the acid(s)+“(o)ic”anhydridebutyric propionic anhydride丁酸丙酸酐butanoic propanoic anhydridebutyric anhydride 丁酸酐butanoic anhydride现在学习的是第66页，
45、共80页benzoic anhydride 苯甲酸酐cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride环己甲酸酐butanedioic anhydride丁二酸酐现在学习的是第67页，共80页 17.Acyl halides酰氯vOmit the final letter“e”in the name of alkane,and then add the suffix“oyl halide”to the end of the name.v省略烷烃的最后一个字母“e”，然后在名称的最后加后缀“oyl halide”butanoyl chloride丁酰氯现在学习的是第68页，共80页b
46、enzoyl fluoride苯甲酰氟3-pentenoyl bromide3-戊烯酰溴现在学习的是第69页，共80页 18.Nitriles（腈）vAdd the suffix“(o)nitrile”or“carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.v在碳氢化合物最后加后缀“(o)nitrile”或“carbonitrile vTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms:hydrocyanic acid（氢氰酸）acetonitrile propiononitr
47、ilebutyronitrile（丁腈）valeronitrile（戊腈）现在学习的是第70页，共80页1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile1,3,5-tricyanohexane1,3,5-己腈3-pentynenitrile 3-丁炔腈cyclopentanecarbonitrile环戊腈现在学习的是第71页，共80页 19.Lactones and lactams（内酯和内酰胺）vAdd the suffix“(o)lactone”or“(o)lactam”to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon.v在碳氢化合物名称的最后加后
48、缀“(o)lactone”或“(o)lactam”4-butanelactone4-丁酸内酯4-butyrolactone5-petanelactone5-戊酸内酯5-valerolactone现在学习的是第72页，共80页5-heptanelactone5-庚酸内酯4-butanelactam4-丁内酰胺4-butyrolactamN-methyl 5-pentanelactamN-甲基-5-戊内酰胺N-methyl 5-valerolactam现在学习的是第73页，共80页 20.Acetals and ketals缩醛和缩酮 The name of dialkyloxy OR”+the
49、name of the hydrocarbon.The name of aldehyde（醛）or ketone（酮）+the name of the alkyl group R”+the suffix acetal.现在学习的是第74页，共80页2,2-diethoxybutane2,2-二乙氧基丁烷2-butanone diethylacetal2-丁酮二乙缩醛m-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetal间硝基苯甲醛二甲基乙缩醛1-ethylenedioxypentanepentanal ethyleneacetal戊醛乙烯基缩醛现在学习的是第75页，共80页 21
50、.Imines亚胺vN-+the name of R3 group+the name of the hydrocarbon(omit final letter“e”)+the suffix“imine”.N-methyl 2-pentanimineN-甲基 2-丁亚胺cyclohexanimine环己亚胺现在学习的是第76页，共80页 22.Hydroperoxides氢过氧化物The name of the R group+the suffix“hydroperoxide”.ethylhydroperoxide过氧乙酸tert-butylhydroperoxide(TBHP)过氧叔丁酸现在学