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1、Unit2 Nature DisastersGrammar and usage【学习目标】1. Learn the rules of to-infinitives as attributives and adverbials of result 2. Be able to use to-infinitives in the writing预习案【学习过程】Step 1: 自主学习任务一：自学课本unit 2(page20-21)的词汇与短语。要求：根据录音及单词音标，首先会读单词接着边读边写记单词，注意中英文的转换，最后默写单词。Step 2: 单词自学检测探究案【合作探究】Step 1 Le
2、ad-in Free talk: What should you do before, during, and after an earthquake?1. Before an earthquake Secure heavy furniture and appliances Identify safe spots Have a plan Gather supplies2. During an earthquake Indoors Get under a desk or table, cover your head and neck with one arm or hand, and use y
3、our other arm or hand to hang on (drop, cover, and hold on). Outdoors Quickly find an open space away from buildings, power lines, and anything else that can topple on you3. After an earthquake Conduct a safety check Get help, if needed Be prepared for aftershocks Stay connected4. What not to do Avo
4、id running to other rooms Do not seek shelter in doorways. Do not use matches or lighters near stoves or barbecues Step 2 Usage of To-infinitives1. 不定式作宾语及宾补作宾语A. 跟在一些动词后作宾语，如afford, aim, promise, refuse, decide等词。This company refused to cooperate with us.B. 当不定式（短语）在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用
5、it作形式宾语，而真正的宾语是位于句尾的不定式（短语），常见动词有find, think, make, consider, feel, suppose等。He makes it a rule never to borrow money.C. 在一些动词之后，可以在连接代词（what，who，which）或连接副词（how，when，where）及连词whether后面接一个带to的不定式，可将这种结构看成是连接词引导的宾语从句的简略形式。 I wonder who to invite (=who I should invite).作宾补A. 表示“指示, 愿望, 感觉”等的动词 (短语)后常用
6、不定式作宾语补足语，如ask ，request ，invite ，force ，compel ，get ，beg ，wish ，want ，intend ，expect ，encourage ，advise，persuade ，instruct ，allow 等词。What caused her to give up her studies?B. find, declare, suppose, imagine等词后面常跟不定式作为宾语补足语。This combination of qualities is generally supposed to be extremely rare.I ha
7、ve not known anything like this to happen before.作宾语补足语不用to的常见动词：一感(feel), 二听(listen to, hear), 三让(make, let,have), 四看(see, look at, watch, notice)。2. .不定式作定语 动词不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，如果该不定式是由不及物动词构成，或者该不定式本身有宾语，其后应有必要的介词。 He wants water to drink. She has a child to take care of. There is not a moment
8、to lose. His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious. She is always the first to answer questions. He left on a cold morning,without anyone to see him off.3. 不定式作状语 作目的状语(可位于句首或句尾)I went there to see my teacher. 作结果状语(有时可表示意料之外的结果) The box was too heavy to move. 作原因状语He is sad to hear the bad n
9、ews.4. 不定式作主语 不定式作主语通常有两种结构：一定种是把不定式to do直接放在句首的位置，另一种是把不定式放在句末，而在句首的主语位置用形式主语it来指代句末的不定式。 To err is human, to forgive, divine. It is important to keep a healthy lifestyle it 作主语常见句式： 1. it is +adj / 过去分词 (for sb/of sb) + to do sth2. it is+名词+to do sth3. it takes time to do sth5. 不定式作表语 不定式位于系动词后则作句
10、子中的表语成分。 The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required. 有时不定式作表语可表示被动意义。 She is to blame. 常见系动词分类：1. be 动词2. 感官动词3. 变化保持类动词(keep, stay, remain, become, grow, turn等词)Step 3 Practice1.We cannot stop natural disasters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge. In this way, we can m
11、ake full preparations for disasters. (用不定式作状语)2.The kids were very calm. They can protect themselves during the earthquake.(用不定式作状语)3.Follow the proper safety procedures so that you can protect yourself from a typhoon. (用不定式作状语)4. You should prepare at least three days of food and drinking water. (用
12、不定式作定语)5.少吃点油炸食品是个好主意。6.你需要在安静的地方学习。7. 我告诉他不要放弃。8. 你能给我一些可以写字的纸吗？9. 我大声朗读来锻炼我的发音。10. 我跑到车站，却被告知火车已经离开了。Step4 Exploring the rules1.Ana is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane. Find the sentences with to-infinitives as attributives.To-infinitives as attributivesTo-
13、infinitives as adverbials of resultI was staying in Atlanta, and that was one of the cities to be hit.（1）That morning, I turned on the TV for some local news, only to hear that a hurricane was on its way.（2）2.Working out the rules When the to-infintive is used as an attributive, it is often put (bef
14、ore/after) the noun or pronoun it modifies. When the to-infintive is used as an adverbial of result, it can refer to an (expected/unexpected) result. In this case, we often use only before the to-infinitive.Step5 Applying the rulesB1Task 1: Match the first half of the sentences below with the correc
15、t to-infinitives. Then try to understand the functions of the to-infinitives.a to be cleared of people before the volcano erupted.b to be repaired.c to stay inside when the typhoon arrived.d only to find the flight had been canceled due to the snowstorm.e to learn some safety tips.I went to the annu
16、al earthquake workshop 2. The authorities told the local people 3. They arrived at the airport 4. Before we returned home, the flood damage needed5. This was the last cityB2Task 2: Below is Anas to-do list from yesterday afternoon. Complete the diary entry below using to-infinitives.B3Task 3: Jim is
17、 talking to his friend Julie about his experience after the earthquake. In pairs, complete the conversation below using to-infinitives.【Homework】1.Finish the workbook.2.Find out the sentences with to-infinitive on Pages 1617 and understand the functions.The keys:Step 3 1. We cannot stop natural disa
18、sters but we can arm ourselves with knowledge (so as) to make full preparations for disasters.2. The kids were calm enough to protect themselves during the earthquake.3. To protect yourself from a typhoon, follow the proper safety procedures.4. You should prepare food and drinking water to last at l
19、east three days. 5. It is a good idea to eat less fried food.6. You need to study at a quiet place.7. I told him not to give up.8. Can you give me some paper to write on?9. I read loudly to practise my pronunciation.10. I ran to the station, only to be told that the train had already left.Step 41.（1
20、）The roads were blocked, so there was nothing for me to do but stay inside. I had enough food and water to last a whole week!（2） I looked out of the window, only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere!2. after，unexpectedStep 5B1 1.e 2.c 3.d 4.b. 5.aB2（1） to find books about hurricanes（2） to find he was not in his office（3） to attend（4） to make PPT slides for my projectB3（1） was actually the first to leave（2） to keep us warm（3） soon as possible（4） to find it completely destroyed（5） advised us to take an active part in the rebuilding