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1、初中英语语法大全一.词类(Parts of Speech)名词英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.)表示人或事物的名称,例词:job 工作Hes trying to get a job.他正在找工作。table 桌子Id like a table for two at about 8:30, please.我想订一张8:30左右的双人桌。phone 电话I have to make a phone call.我得打个电话。car 汽车Where can I park the car?我可以在哪里停车呀?cat 猫Your cat isnt very friendly.你的猫不太友好。冠词英文名
2、称The Article(缩写为art.)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物,例词:a(an)Theres a visitor for you.有位客人找你。theThe phone rang.电话铃响了。代词英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron)用来代替名词、形容词或是数词,例词:I我we我们you你,你们he他she她it它that那this这what什么形容词英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征,例词:new新的This idea isnt new.这主意不新鲜。fast快的That clocks an hour fast.那
3、个钟快了一个小时。white白色的He had nice square white teeth.他的牙齿洁白而整齐,十分好看。red红色的She was red with shame.她羞愧地红了脸。fine 美好的There is a fine view of the countryside.这里可以看到乡村的美景。good好的The results were pretty good.结果相当不错。数词英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.)表示数量或是顺序,例词:one 一two 二three 三four 四five 五six 六seven七eight八nine九ten十first
4、第一second第二third第三fourth第四fifth第五sixth第六seventh第七eighth第八ninth第九tenth第十动词英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.)表示动作或状态,例:take 携带;拿走;带She took me to a Mexican restaurant.她带我去了一家墨西哥餐厅。sit坐May I sit here?我可以坐在这儿吗?fly飞The planes flew through the clouds.飞机穿越云层。buy买Where did you buy that dress?那件连衣裙你是在哪里买的?teach教She teaches
5、at our local school.她在我们当地的学校任教。go去He goes to work by bus.他乘公共汽车去上班。be(am,is,are)是I am already as tall as she is.我已经和她一样高了。副词英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,例词:too太The dress was too tight for me.这件连衣裙我穿太瘦了。fast快Dont drive so fast!别把车开得这么快!slowly慢Please could you speak more slowly?请您说慢一点好不好?well
6、好The kids all behaved well.孩子们都很规矩。there那里Theres a restaurant around the corner.拐角处有一家餐馆。very非常Thanks very much.非常感谢。介词英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系,例词:in在内She was lying in bed.她躺在床上。on在上Put it down on the table.把它放在桌子上。of属于He is a friend of mine.他是我的朋友。to向,朝,往I walked to the office
7、.我朝办公室走去。under在下面Have you looked under the bed?你看了床底下没有?连词英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句,例词:and并且Do it slowly and carefully.要慢慢仔细地做。or或者Are you coming or not?你来还是不来?but 然而;尽管如此Id asked everybody but only two people came.每个人我都请了,却只来了两个人。感叹词英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情
8、感,例词:oh哦,啊,哎呦Oh no, Ive broken it!哎哟,我把它给打碎了!hello哈罗,喂Hello John, how are you?哈罗,约翰,你好吗?hi喂,嗨Hi, there! Howre you doing?喂!你好吗?er哦,嗯Will you do it? Er, yes, I suppose so.“你会干这事儿吗?”“哦,会的,我想我会。”二.名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词:表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称,专有名词的第一个字母要大写,例如:人名:英美人的姓名与中国人的恰恰相反,姓在后面,名在前面,姓名前通
9、常不用冠词。例如:Mary SmithGeorge WashingtonTomPeterMr Yang一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如:Hows Ferguson coming along?弗格森现在怎么样啊?Hows John getting on?约翰近来好吗?在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时,常把姓和称谓连用。例如:Would you please tell John Smith to come to the office?请你告诉约翰史密斯到办公室来一次好吗?姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如:The Turners have gone to America特纳一家人去美国了。The Whit
10、es have gone for a holiday on the Continent.怀特一家去欧洲大陆度假了。地名:大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如:Asia亚洲America美国China中国London伦敦Shanghai 上海大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如:Silver Lake银湖Mount Tai泰山山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如:the Pacific太平洋the English Channel英吉利海峡the Sahara撒哈拉沙漠节日名前通常不用冠词。例如:New Years Day元旦Spring Festi
11、val春节the Lantern Festival元宵节May Day劳动节Dragon Boat Festival端午节Mothers Day母亲节Fathers Day父亲节Childrens Day儿童节TeachersDay教师节Mid-autumn Day中秋节National Day国庆节International Working Womens Day妇女节April FoolsDay愚人节Easter Day复活节St Valentines Day情人节Halloween万圣节Thanksgiving Day感恩节Christmas Day圣诞节星期名前通常不用冠词。例如:Mon
12、day星期一Tuesday星期二Wednesday星期三Thursday星期四Friday星期五Saturday星期六Sunday星期天月份名前通常不用冠词。例如:January一月February二月March三月April四月May五月June六月July七月August八月September九月October十月November十一月December十二月普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:teacher老师Im a teacher with 21 years experience.我是个有21年教龄的教师。tea茶Would you like tea or
13、 coffee?你喝茶还是喝咖啡?reform改革Economic reform has brought relative wealth to peasant farmers经济改革给农民带来了相对的财富。普通名词又可进一步分为四类1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物:house马car汽车room房间apple苹果fun风扇picture照片2) 集体名称:表示一群人或一些事物的名称:people人们family家庭army军队government政府group集团3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质:fire火steel钢air空气water水milk牛奶4)抽象名词
14、:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念: labour劳动health健康life生活friendship友情patience耐力2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(CountableNouns)有复数形式,如:an apple 一个苹果two apples 两个苹果 a car 一辆车some cars 一些车不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词,物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词,如:sand沙sugar糖有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。glass玻璃 glass玻璃杯paper纸 paper报纸,
15、文件名词的功能名词在句中作主语,宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。The bag is in the desk. -bag作主语。书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday. -clothes作宾语。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. -book作表语。这是一本好书。We elected him our monitor. -monitor作宾语补助语。我们选他为我们的班长。Mary lives with her parents. -parents作介词宾语。玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。He is a Party memb
16、er. -Party作定语。他是一名党员。They study hard day and night. -day and night作状语。他们白天黑夜地学习。3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:1)一般情况下,在词尾加-s,例如:bag-bags 纸袋map-maps地图pen-pens笔desk-desks桌子worker-workers工人book-books书cat-cats猫brother-brothers兄弟2)以s, sh,
17、ch, x等结尾的词加-es,例如:bus-buses公共汽车branch-branches分支watch-watches手表box-boxes箱子ash-ashes烟灰class-classes班级3)以ce, se ,ze ,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s,例如:base-bases根基licence-licences许可证case-cases实例blouse-blouses衬衫choice-choices选择orange-oranges橙子4)以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es,例如:baby-babies婴儿family-families家庭ability-abilities能力ci
18、ty-cities城市party-parties聚会story-stories故事5)名词以-f或-fe结尾的,把-f或-fe变成-ves,例如:leaf-leaves叶子loaf-loaves一条(面包)wolf-wolves狼wife-wives妻子knife-knives刀bookshelf-bookshelves书架注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有:man-men 男人woman-women女人foot-feet脚tooth-teeth牙齿mouse-mice老鼠ox-oxen公牛sheep-sheep绵羊dear-dear鹿fish-fish鱼(不是鱼的种
19、类)英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors剪刀goods货物trousers裤子clothes衣服glasses玻璃杯4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上,主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。The bird is in the tree. -bird 作主语, 是主格。鸟在树上。I saw a film yesterday. -film 作宾语,是宾格。昨天我看了一场电影。名词的所有格:名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。Lu Xuns bo
20、ok is worth reading.鲁迅的书值得一读。This is my fathers room.这是我父亲的房间。名词所有格的构成单数名词加s,例词:Mikes father以s结尾的复数名词加,例词:the teachers room不以s结尾的复数名词加s,例词:menswomens三、代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)第一人称单数主格I(复数We)单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you)单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they)单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词
21、(Possessive Pronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复数ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his, hers, its(复数theirs)四、数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(Cardinal Numbers)1 one2 two3 three4
22、 four5 five6 six7 seven8 eight9 nine10 ten11 eleven12 twelve13 thirteen20 twenty21 twenty-one40 fouty100 one hundred五、动词(Verb)一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)一般现在时表示现在的状态,如:He is twelve.他十二岁。She is at home.她在家。表示经常的或是习惯性的动作,如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.我每天七点半上学。表示主语具备的的性格和能力等,如:She likes apple.
23、她喜欢苹果。They know English.他们懂英语。1.动词be(Verb to be)肯定式:I am.否定:I am not.肯定式:You are.否定式:You are not.肯定式:He/She/It is.否定式:He/She/It is not.疑问句和简略答语Am I .?Yes, you are./No, you are not.Are you.?Yes, I am./No, I am not.2.There be结构There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语某地/某时有某物/某人的说法。句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必
24、须是一致。肯定式:There is(Theres)a table in your room.你房间里有一张桌子。There are(Therere)some pencils on the desk.桌子上有一些铅笔。否定式:There are not(arent)any cats here.这里没有猫。疑问式和简略答语Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes, there is./No, there is not(isnt).你包里有尺子吗?是的,有。/不,没有。Are there any people in that house?Yes, there are./No,
25、 there are not(arent).那房子里有人吗?是的,有。/不,没有。How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.天空中有多少只风筝?一共十三个。六、介词(Prepositions)介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语,例如:at:at homeat schoolat six thirtybehind:behind the door/treebehind ones chairbeside:beside the doorbeside t
26、he housefrom:from one to a hundredin:in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in ones school/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picturein the same classin different classesin Englishin the hatin the morning/afternoonlike:like this/thatnear:near the windownear the doorof:a picture of a classroo
27、ma map of Chinathe name of her catthe wall of their classroonon:on the desk/chairon the flooron the wallon the bikeon the dutyto:a quarter to ten(go)to school/bed/work under:under the desk/tableunder the tree/windowunder ones chair/bed(1) 表示时间:at:表示某一时间点如:at noonon:表示特定的日子如:on Christmasin:表示一段不具体的时间
28、如:in the morningin the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on,如:on a coldmorningon a hot afternoonon Sunday morningduring:表示期间内的某个时期如:during the nightduring the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如:for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇如:It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点如:I studied hard till
29、twelve oclock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限如:Ill be back by five oclock.since: 表示某动作的起始点如:I have studied English since 1990(2) 表示地点:at:表示较小的地点如:arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如:arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例:Ill leave for Shanghai.above:表示上面,上方,其反意词是below,如:above the cloudsbelow the deskover: 表示垂直上方
30、,其反意词是under,如:The dog jumped over the table.through:表示穿过如:through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越如:I want to walk across the road.七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句-用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法,如:I can see a map on the wall. I think its his.我能看见墙上的地图。我想是他的。疑问句-用途是用来提出问题如:Are you Mr Green?你是格林先生吗?Can you
31、 find it ?你能找到它吗?How old are you?你多大了?祈使句-用途是用来表示请求和命令,如:Stand up.站起来。Come in, please.请进。Lets play games.我们玩游戏吧。感叹句-用途是用来表达强烈的感情,如:What a fine day it is!多好的一天啊!How beautiful the flowers are!这些花多漂亮啊!八、一般疑问句和特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句,如:Is she at school today?Yes, she is
32、./No, she isnt.她今天在学校吗?是的,她是。/不,她不是。Can you see a pencilon the desk?Yes, I can./No, Icant.你能看见桌子上有一个铅笔吗?是的,我可以。/不,我不能。Do they play football?Yes, they do./No, they dont.他们踢足球吗?是的,他们踢。/不,他们没有。特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句。How old are you?你多大了?What are you doing?你在做什么?When do you leave?你什么时候离开?一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 (T
33、he Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:1)原级,即原形。2)比较级,表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。3)最高级,表示“最”的意思。1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est,如:coldcolder coldeststrong strongerstrongestfast faster fastestslow slowslowest以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st,如:nicenicer nicestlargelarg
34、er largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est ,如:big bigger biggestthin thinnerthinnesthot hotterhottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est, 如:easy esaier easiesthappy happierhappiestearly earlierearliest少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er或-est,如:clevercleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音
35、节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most,如:delicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则变化good/wellbetter bestbad/badly worse worstmuch/many more mostlittleless leastfarfarther/further farthest/furthest2.形
36、容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较Mr King is taller than Mr Read.金先生比里德先生高。This mooncakes is nicer than that one.这个月饼比那个好。The tractor is going faster than the bike.拖拉机开得比自行车快。最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is the best of all?谁的画是最好的?S
37、he is the youngest in the class.她是班上最小的。The taxi is going the fastest.出租车开得最快。Mr Qin is walking the slowest of all.秦先生走得最慢。注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰, 如:much better a little taller二、数词(Numerals)(2) 序数词(Ordinal Numbers) 序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。first 1sttwentieth 20thsecond 2ndtwenty-first 2
38、1ththird 3ndthirtieth 30thfourth 4ndthirty-ninth 39thfifth 5ndfortieth 40thsixth 6thfiftieth 50thseventh 7thsixtieth 60theighth 8thseventieth 70thninth 9thninetith 90thtenth 10thhundredth 100theleventh 11thone hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th三、冠词(Articles)冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,冠词分不定冠词(The Ind
39、efinite Article)和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前,如:a roada boyan用在元音之前,如:an houran old manthe是定冠词,如:the applethe egg1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist.苏珊是个科学家。Pass me an orange, please.请递给我一个桔子。指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you.一个男孩在找你。We work five days aweek.我们一周工作五天。表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.我们明天要上英语课。I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears.我有一张嘴,一个鼻子,两只眼睛和两只耳朵。用于某些固定的词组