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1、一、词汇与句型【知识梳理】1As a result, you impressed the audience.impressvt.(to make someone feel admiration and respect)使印象深刻，盖印，留下印象【拓展】(1) impress sb. with sth. _ impress sth. on/upon sb. _(2) impression n. _ make a strong impression on. _(3) impressive adj. _【典例讲解】根据汉语完成句子(1)时代给他留下了痕迹。Time has left its _ hi
2、m.(2)泥地上留下了鞋印。There are the _ in the mud. 2This is one of the cheapest and best ways of decreasing desertification.decrease vi.& vt.& n. (cause sth. to) become smaller or fewer 减少(反义词为increase)【拓展】(1)decrease to数字 减少到 decrease by数字 减少了 decrease in/of sth. 减少的量(2)on the decrease 在减少中(3)grow to/increa
3、se to/rise to/climb to数字 增加到 grow by/increase by/rise by数字 净增了 批注：辨析decrease和reducedecrease强调数目或使人不快之物的逐渐减少；reduce 可以表示尺寸、数量、程度或强度的减少，词义引申之后，可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低。Lack of success decreases confidence.The workers reduced their wage demands.【典例讲解】用decrease的适当形式填空(1)平均房价去年下降了13%。 The average house prices _ 1
4、3% last year.(2)到1881年，爱尔兰的人口减少到了五百二十万。 By 1881, the population of Ireland had _ 5.2 million.(3)这个城市的人口在持续下降。 There has been _ population in this city.(4)一家地方报纸评论说犯罪案件在减少。 A local newspaper remarked that crime was _. 3Hundreds of people queued up to be among the first to view modern paintings.queue
5、up_queue up for_queue up to do sth._批注：注意queue的发音，以及常见的短语辨析。warm up暖和起来；speed up加速。【典例讲解】用queue up的正确形式填空(1)He will _ (排队) the movie tickets with Xiaoming.(2)They _ (排队)see a film. 4The centre has over 300 scientists devoted to finding measures that will stop desertification.measuren(to discover the
6、 exact size or amount of something, or to be of a particular size)测量，估量，量；措施，方法；尺度vt.测量；估量，判定【拓展】(1)measure sth. out_ measure up to/with_ measure against_(2)adopt/take measures to do sth._ to ones own measures_ (3)measurable adj. _ measured adj. _ measureless adj. _(4)measurement n. _ 批注：measure不用被动
7、语态，为常考考点；另外注意归纳没有被动语态的短语：break out爆炸；come out出版；run out用尽，耗尽；感官动词也没有被动语态；表示主语的特征性质的词没有被动语态，比如cut，wash，sell。The pen writes well.【典例讲解】根据汉语完成句子(1)The government has promised to _ (采取措施)to help the unemployed.(2)This didnt _ (符合)our policy.(3)The meter is _ (计量单位)of length. 5.such as sharing informatio
8、n between countries and using satellites to pick out aread likely to be affected by desertification.pick out找出，挑选pick on 挑的毛病；找的麻烦pick up 拾起，捡起；收听；接(人)；(无意中)学会pick. apart 分解；找毛病pick up with 在偶然机会认识 批注：pick out，choose与select辨析pick out为一般用语，既可以挑选好的事物，也可以是坏的事物，多用于有形的人或物。它还有“辨别出，区分出”的意思。choose通常指在所提供的对象
9、中，凭个人的意志和判断力进行选择，往往以个人好恶或是否适合标准，因此当选择事业或爱人时，不宜用select或pick out。select有“精选”的含义，指有目的地仔细、认真选择。【典例讲解】用pick out/choose/select填空(1)She _ (被挑出)from thousands of applicants for the job.(2)She had to _ (选择) between giving up her jobs or hiring a man.(3)He _ (挑选) a card from the rack. 6We still have a long wa
10、y to solve all the problems in regard to the Yangtze River.in/with respect to_ in respect of_concerning_ regarding_ 【典例讲解】关于价格，我们认为它太高了。_ the price, we think it is too high. 7This is not good news for the people who rely on the Yangtze River for water.rely on: count or depend on sb./sth. 依赖，指望【典例讲解】
11、1) Nowadays we rely increasingly on computers_ (help) us.2) You can rely on me_ (keep) your secret.3)I relied on you(r)_ ( come)early.4)他这个人靠不住。_.5)You may_ the work will be finished ahead of time. 你可以放心，这项工作将提前完成。 8Nor is it good news for the wide range of fish and wildlife that live in or along th
12、e river.range (n.) 范围 a wide range of 大量的，各种各样的，多种多样的range (v.) 范围是 range from .to./range between.and.【典例讲解】他们的年龄在25至50之间。Their ages _.该公司销售价格差异很大的新车子。The company sells new cars_. 9Two special government projets are also under way. 进行中under常用词组：under control 处于控制中 under repair 修理中under construction
13、建造中 under discussion 讨论中under consideration 思考中 under pressure 压力下批注：注意这些短语为介词短语，通常需跟动词使用，构成谓语。另外体会其中的被动含义。【拓展】in a way在某种程度上 in no way 决不in this/that way以这种/那种方式 in the way 妨碍、挡道by way of途径 no way 没门on ones (the ) way在途中；即将来临 all the way 一路上，自始至终 lead the way领路，带路 feel ones way摸索前进lose ones way迷路 m
14、ake ones way（辛苦地）前进make way for让路，让位【典例讲解】(1)The tournament got _ (进行中)on Friday.(2)Our new school is _ (建设中).(3)The car _ (修理中)belongs to Mr. Green.(4)He lived in the city of St. Petersburg when it was _ (袭击中)of Nazi. 10This project resulted in farmers replacing their crops with trees or grass.resu
15、lt in sb/ones doing类似的：imagine sb/ones doing ; mind sb/ones doing【典例讲解】你介意我打开窗户吗?Do you mind _?11Anytime something is burnt, carbon is put into the atmosphere.anytime (conj) 连接状语从句，相当于whenever。【典例讲解】无论什么时候你见到他，请提醒他在看我。_12Last but not least, you can plant a tree, because trees absorb the carbon dioxi
16、de in the air to produce oxygen.absorbvt.(to take something in, especially gradually) 吸收；理解；使全神贯注【拓展】(1) absorbed adj. _ be absorbed in. _ be absorbed by_ (2) absorption n._ 批注：absorb是及物动词，不能说absorbed sth.，只能说absorb sth.或be absorbed in sth.。【典例讲解】(1)黑色布料吸收光线。Black cloth _ light.(2)他把全部精力投入在工作上。The w
17、ork _ all his energies.(3)他正全神贯注于他的工作。He_ his work. 13There is no doubt that the world climate has been changing in recent years.毫无疑问，世界气候在近几年发生着变化。句型There is no doubt that.毫无疑问的是There is no doubt that ., that从句引导_从句。doubt用在_句中，后面接that引导的_从句。There is no doubt that they will agree with you on this ma
18、tter.毫无疑问，他们在这件事上会同意你的意见的。I have no doubt that he will succeed.我相信他会成功的。批注：在否定句和疑问句中，doubt后面接that引导的宾语从句。在肯定句中，doubt后面一般接whether或if引导的宾语从句。I dont doubt that he can finish the task on time.Do you doubt that she will succeed?【典例讲解】(1)我很怀疑她是否诚实。I have _ her honesty.(2)她无法确定他是否来。She had her _ he would c
19、ome.(3)毫无疑问她会遵守诺言的。_ she will keep her word. 二、核心语法【知识梳理】1动名词的形式及用法（以动词do 为例）用法形式主 动被 动与谓语动词动作的先后关系例句一般式doingbeing done同时/之后Seeing is believing.He came to the party without being invited.完成式having donehaving been done之前We remembered having seen the film.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou. 1）否定
20、式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 2）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 批注：要注意的是复合结构，是物主代词或者名词所有格加上动名词，而不是人称代词，这一点学生也很容易犯错。2动名词的句法功能1)主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。Collec
21、ting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。 当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time 等名词)+doing sth. It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football.打篮球很有趣。 It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。 It is + useless
22、(nice, good, interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth It is useless speaking.光说没用。 It is nice seeing you again.真高兴又遇到了你。 It is good playing chess after supper.晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car.开这种小车是浪费。 动名词短语用于there be 句型中 There is no + doing.(there is no 表“不可能”) There is no telling what he is
23、going to do.说出他要干什么是不可能的。 There is no saying what may happen.说出将要发生什么是不可能的。 There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth.做某事没用(不好/意义/重要性) There is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。 2)表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。 3)宾语：如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：这里可以借助几句口诀来帮助记忆，（请学生在下
24、划线上填写对应单词）。考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏。禁止想像才冒险，不禁介意准逃亡。 例句：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。 形式宾语it:动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。 4)定语：He cant walk without a walking-
25、stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？ 批注：ing形式作定语时，需要让学生清楚动名词和现在分词作定语的区别：a swimming pool中的swimming表示的是事物用途；a swimming girl中的swimming表示的是正在做的事情。3现在分词的形式及用法现在分词主 动被 动与谓语动词动作先后关系例句一般式doingbeing done同时They went to the park, singing and talking.（主动、同时）The problem being disc
26、ussed is very important.（被动、同时）完成式having donehaving been done之前Having finished his homework, he went out.（主动、之前）Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.（被动、之前）否定式：not + 现在分词4现在分词的句法功能：定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前，如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even hard
27、er. 在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。 批注：现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years = in the years that followedthe man speaking =the man who is speaking 表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 批注：be + doing既可能表示现在
28、进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着
29、。 状语：A）作时间状语： (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。B）作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。C）作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。D）作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。E）作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。F）作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。G）作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。