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1、高考语法复习：倒装句和强调句精讲本课重点：、倒装句1. 倒装句的定义和功能2. 倒装句的分类（1）完全倒装（2）部分倒装（3）特殊倒装、强调句1. 强调句的定义和功能2. 强调句的分类（1）it is.that类型（2）特殊强调、倒装句（Inverted Sentence）1. 倒装句的定义和功能（1）定义：英语句的然语序（Natural Order）是主语在前，谓语在后。如果将谓语的全部或者部分放在了主语前，则称为倒装语序。倒装语序的句就是倒装句。（2）功能：倒装句本质上是通过调整句结构，让它和普通句不样，体现英语语的灵活多变，从突出其两特殊的功能：a. 语法功能：疑问句当中，需要把正常句式
2、改为部分倒装句，为了体现其“提问”的功能。例1：（般疑问句）Do you remember this song?（你记得这歌吗？）例2：（特殊疑问句）Whats your favorite color?（你最喜欢哪种颜？）例3：（选择疑问句）Should I stay or go?（我是去是留？）例4：（反义疑问句）Dont you want to take a break?（你难道不想歇会吗？）b. 修辞功能：即“修饰论”的功能。为了强调、突出句某部分，增强句连接性，使句结构平衡、表意清晰。对1：原句：I havent felt so lonely ever.倒装：Never have I
3、felt so lonely.（我从未这么孤单过。）（强调never）对2：原句：A group of students are waiting in the classroom.倒装：Waiting in the classroom are a group of students.（在教室等着的是群学。）（突出现在分词）对3：原句：The man who just put down the phone rushed out.倒装：Out rushed the man who just put down the phone.（这个冲了出去，他刚刚挂电话。）（增强句连接性）2. 倒装句的分类（1
4、）完全倒装（complete inversion）：将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来。完全倒装的4种情况：a. 为了强调状语，表“位”和“地点”的副词或介词短语置于句。例1：Here comes the bus.（公交来啦。）注意：如果主语是称代词，不倒装。Here he comes.（他来了。）（正确）Here comes he.（错误）Here comes the man.（那个来了。）（正确）（原因：称代词普遍节很少，句结构平衡、表意清晰，需倒装。）例2：然语序：The young man who borrowed my book stood by the door.（那个借过我书的年轻站在。）
5、强调状语：By the door the young man who borrowed my book stood.（修饰谓语的状语与其离得太远，意思失去连贯性）调整语序：By the door stood the young man who borrowed my book.（站在的那个年轻，之前借过我的书。）例3：To this company belong the most creative group of people in the world.（这个公司汇聚了世界上最富创造的群。）b. there be句型如果想说某物的存在或者想提及某物的在场，可there后接be和名词短语。在这
6、种情况下，there并不指地点，本身不带词义，主要起弱化句本身结构，强调状语修饰部分的作。对：A pencil is on the desk.（铅笔在桌上。）（主系表结构，没有突出部分）There is a pencil on the desk.（削弱主系表结构，突出“桌上的铅笔”）注意：（1）there be的be也可以换成stand，live，remain，exist等表事物出现、存在的动词。例1：There stand hundreds of students on the square.（上百个学站在场上。）例2：There lives an old man in the shabby
7、 house.（破旧的房住着个。）例3：There remains/exists little memory about her.（乎不存在关于她的记忆。）（2）由于there词义，在正式体写作中，为了句式简洁，尽量避免使there be句型。对：There is a man sitting over there.（有个在那坐着。）A man is sitting over there.c. 为了强调表语，充当表语的形容词、分词（短语）、介词短语置于句。例1：Happy are those who are contented.（知者常乐。）例2：Basic to our understandi
8、ng is the countrys impressive population growth.（这个国家增快，这是常识。）例3：Gone are the days when we had no secrets.（我们之间没有秘密的已经去不复返了。）例4：Lying in the sun is my brother.（正躺在阳光下的是我弟弟。）例5：Among the presents are a new phone, a laptop, and a couple of books.（在这些礼物，有部新机，台笔记本电脑，还有些书。）d. 在某些表示愿望的祝愿语中。例：Long live our
9、 friendship!（友谊万岁！）（2）部分倒装（partial inversion）：只将助动词（包括情态动词）移到主语之前。部分倒装的6种情况：a. 为了强调“否定”，含否定意义的副词或介词短语放在句。1）never，rarely和seldom置于句，强调某种情况常特别。例1：Never have I seen her face so pale.（我从未过她的脸如此苍！）例2：Rarely has someone been so talented.（很少有是如此有天赋的。）例3：Seldom have I met her recently.（最近我很少到她。）2）hardly，bare
10、ly，no sooner等置于句，强调两件事情发的时间间隔很短。例1：Hardly had he gone out when it began to rain.（他刚出去就开始下了。）例2：Barely had I walked in the door when my dog came rushing to greet me.（我刚进，我的狗就跑过来迎接我。）例3：No sooner had he finished dinner when she walked in the door.（他刚吃完晚饭，她就了进来。）例4：Scarcely had he arrived when he had t
11、o leave again.（他刚刚到达就不得不离开。）类似否定词（组）有：neither（两者都不）, nor（也不是）, little（乎没有）, by no means（绝不）, at no time（绝不）, under no circumstances（任何情况下都不）, not only.but also.（不仅且）例1： “I dont like dancing.” “Neither do I.”（“我不喜欢跳舞。” “我也不喜欢。”）例2： “He cant dance.” “Nor can she.”（“他不会跳舞。” “她也不会。”）例3：The only girl I c
12、are about has gone awayLooking for a brand new startBut little does she know that when she left that dayAlong with her she took my heartThe Cascades, Rhythm Of The Rain唯在意的孩离我去去寻找种新的活轨迹但她那天却乎没留意我的也因此被她带去（瀑布合唱团，中旋律）例4：By no means should he be left alone.（绝不能把他单独留下。）例5：At no time should you give up st
13、udying.（在任何时候你都不应放弃学习。）例6：Under no circumstances will I betray her.（在任何条件下我都决不背叛她。）注意：not onlybut also连接两个分句时，not only后的分句进部分倒装。如果连接的是两个并列词语，不倒装结构。较：Not only did he show up late, but he also forgot to bring his paper.（他不仅迟到了，且论也忘带了。）Not only he but also his friends like reading.（不仅他爱读书，他朋友也爱读书。）b. 为
14、了强调“唯”、“只有”，only修饰的副词、介词短语、状语从句放在句。例1：Only then did I realize my mistakes.（我在那时才明了的错误。）例2：Only in this way can we win the game.（只有这样我们才能赢这场赛。）例3：Only when she fell ill did she understand the importance of family and health.（只有当她病的时候，她才明家和健康很重要。）注意：当only修饰主语时，由于主语本身就在句，已经是句的焦点，因此结构需进倒装。例：Only he know
15、s how I really feel.（只有他知道我的真实感受。）c. so作代词，置于句，表示“也是如此”，强调与前提到内容相致。例：You like reading? So do I.（你喜欢看书？我也喜欢。）注意：so+主语+do这种然语序，表示对所说情况表示肯定，so的意思是“的确”。例： You work really hard.（你作真认真啊。） So I do.（我的确挺认真的。）d. 当虚拟条件句中省略if时，were，had或should需移到句前，作为“虚拟式的标记”。例1：Had I read that book, I would have passed the exa
16、m.（假如我读了那本书，我考试可能就过了。）例2：Were I in your position, I would probably do the same.（我要是处在你的位置，我很有可能也这么做。）例3：Should I stay, I would only be in your way.（如果我留下，我只会碍你的事。）e. 频度副词位于句，强调“频率”。例：Often does she go to the library.（她经常去图书馆。）f. 在某些表示愿望的祝愿语中。例：May you be happy every day.（祝你天天开。）（3）特殊倒装：a. 有时候为了强调动词（
17、短语），会把主语和助动词放在后。例1：Go away I cant. Stay here I can.（，我不能。留下，我可以。）例2：I have promised to finish the task on time and finish it I will.（我已经承诺会暗示完成这个任务了，且我会的。）b. so/suchthat引导的结果状语从句，so/such位于句，强调“如此”。例1：So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.（这个考试如此之难以于学们需要三个时间来准备。）例2：Such
18、a busy schedule did we have that we couldnt attend the show.（我们真的太忙了以于没能去看演出。）c. 由as引导的让步状语从句，为了强调“让步”，需要把动词/动词短语放到as前，进部分倒装。例1：Try as you may, you cant persuade him.（虽然你可以尝试，但是你不可能说服他。）例2：Toil as he would, he still might fail.（虽然他会很努，但是他仍然有可能失败。）例3：Change your mind as you will, she wont come back.（
19、即使你会改变主意，她也不会回头了。）d. 由as/though引导的让步状语从句，为了强调“让步”，需要把形容词/名词/副词放到as前，进部分倒装。例1：Hard as/though the exam might be, Im sure Ill pass it.（尽管考试也许会难，我觉得我还是会考过的。）例2：Child as/though he was, he was more intelligent than most adults.（尽管他还是个孩，但多数成年都聪明。）例3：Late as/though he stayed up, he didnt feel tired at all.（
20、尽管他熬夜了，但是却不觉疲惫。）注意：由于该句型，主谓其实并未发位置的互换，只是把需要强调的部分提前了，所以，些语法书把这种现象归为强调修辞结构倒装。类似的句型还有：例1：Talent, he has; capital, he has not.（才华，他是有的；资本，他可没有。）例2：Here you are.（给你。）例3：Of all his works this is the most influential.（在他的所有作品，这部的影响是最的。）例4：“Of all the warlords loved by the gods, I hate him the most.”（“所有受到众
21、神爱护的军阀中，我最恨他。”） Troy 特洛伊、强调句（Emphatic Pattern）1. 强调句的定义和功能“强调句”的英，般叫做emphatic sentence或者emphatic pattern。但在英法，强调是类修辞法，种特定句型，它可以有多种体现形式。如：例1：Hard as the exam might be, Im sure Ill pass it.（尽管考试也许会难，我觉得我还是会考过的。）例2：Talent, he has; capital, he has not.（才华，他是有的；资本，他可没有。）例3：It is radium that Madame Curie
22、discovered.（居夫发现的是镭元素。）以下讲的强调句，主要是it isthat句型。在这种句型中，个句被分为两个部分，重要的部分放在It is后强调。这种通过分裂句形态，从转移句焦点的句型，在英中叫做Cleft Sentence（分裂句）。对：原句：I just finished this novel.（我刚读完这本说。）分裂句：It is this novel that I just finished.（我刚读完的是这本说。）（句被分开，焦点转移到this novel上）2. 强调句的分类a. It isthat的：听者已知些信息，it isthat这种句型，是为了给听者强调些新的信
23、息。形式：it is根据时态变化变化，当强调的是，that要相应变成who/whom。例1： Your key got lost yesterday, did it?（你的钥匙昨天丢了是吗？） No. It was his key that got lost.（不是，是他的钥匙丢了。）（已知信息：a key got lost；新信息：his key）例2： Youve met my mother, havent you?（你到我妈妈了，是吗？） No, it was your sister (that/who/whom) I met!（不是，我是到你姐姐了。）（已知信息：I metsomeon
24、e in your family；新信息：it was your sister）这种句型可以强调除谓语以外的所有成分，单词、短语、从句形式都可强调。以个句为例：We 主语 had 谓语 a long talk 宾语 in this room 地点状语 after he decided to go abroad 时间状语从句 .（在他决定出国后，我们在这个房间谈了次。）It was we who had a long talk in this room after he decided to go abroad.（强调主语）It was a long talk that we had in th
25、is room after he decided to go abroad.（强调宾语）It was in this room that we had a long talk after he decided to go abroad.（强调地点状语）It was after he decided to go abroad that we had a long talk in this room.（强调时间状语从句）注意：强调句主语时，that/who之后的谓语动词，称和数要与句主语致。较：错误：It is you and I who am going to have a test.正确：It
26、 is you and I who are going to have a test.（是你我将要去做测试。）问：强调句与主语从句、定语从句、状语从句、同位语从句该如何区分？答：先明确强调句中it和that都没有词义，it isthat只是个结构，去掉这个结构后，剩下应该是个成分完整且正确的句。1. 与主语从句的区别：主语从句中的it是形式主语，指的是that后的整个句。较：强调句：It is my cat that you are holding.（你抱的是我的猫。）去掉it is. that.：You are holding my cat.（成分完整且正确）主语从句：It is excit
27、ing that I will go to New York.（我要去纽约了，这真令激动。）去掉it is.that.：Exciting I will go to New York.（exciting多余，句不正确）2. 与定语从句的区别：在正式体中，强调句中的that不能省略，是连接词；定语从句的that/which是关系代词的种，作宾语可以省略，同时定语从句关系词的选择取决于先词。较1：强调句：It is the book that I bought yesterday.（我昨天买的是那本书。）（that不可换which，且不能省略）去掉it is. that：I bought the b
28、ook yesterday.（成分完整且正确）定语从句：It is the book (which/that) I bought yesterday.（它是我昨天买的那本书。）（that在从句中作宾语可换which，也可被省略）去掉it is. that：the book I bought yesterday（名词短语）较2：强调句：It is in this room that we used to meet.（我们以前经常的地是这个房间。）去掉it is. that：We used to meet in this room.（成分完整且正确）定语从句：It is the room wher
29、e we used to meet.（这是我们以前经常的房间。）去掉it is. where：We used to meet the room.（病句）3. 与状语从句的区别：状语从句句的it本身就是句的主语，强调句的it没有实际意义；状语从句的连词that及句前的it be不能去掉。较：强调句：It is such an interesting film that we like very much.（这就是我们很喜欢的那部有趣的电影。）去掉it is.that：We like such an interesting film very much.（句完整且正确）状语从句：It is suc
30、h an interesting book that we like it very much.（这是如此有趣的本书，以于我们都分喜欢它。）去掉it is.that：such an interesting book we like it very much.（句成分重复，且表意模糊）4. 与同位语从句的区别：同位语从句中it指“它”或“这”，that引导的从句起的是解释说明前名词的作，如果省略，句成分就会有所重复。较：强调句：It is this very fact that broke her heart.（正是这事实让她伤透了。）去掉it is.that：This very fact br
31、oke her heart.（句完整且正确）同位语从句：It is a fact that I dont like you.（我不喜欢你，这是个事实。）去掉it is.that：a fact I dont like you.（句成分重复，且表意模糊）b. 特殊强调1）强调谓语动词，只要在其前加上助动词do即可。do会受主谓致与时态的影响，谓语动词保持原形。例1：I do read for 30 minutes every day.（我的确每天读30分钟书。）例2：He did come here before he left.（他在之前，的确来过这。）2）强调的形容词，可以加程度副词。例：She is absolutely wrong about him.（她完全误解他了。）类似的程度副词有：much，little，very，rather，so，too，quite，perfectly，enough，extremely，almost，slightly，fairly，fully，completely，really等。