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1、,2015年6月大学英语四级考试真题(第1套)Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.The U.S.Department of Education is making efforts to ensure that all students have equal access to a quality education.Today it is 36 the launch of the Excellent Educators for All Initiative.The initiative will help states
2、and school districts support great educators for the students who need them most.All children are 37 to a high-quality education regardless of their race, zip code or family income.It is 38 important that we provide teachers and principals the support they need to help students reach their full 39 ,
3、 U.S.Secretary of Education Arne Duncan said. Despite the excellent work and deep 40 of our nations teachers and principals, students in high-poverty, high- minority schools are unfairly treated across our country.We have to do better.Local leaders and educators will 41 their own creative solutions,
4、 but we must work together to 42 our focus on how to better recruit, support and 43 effective teachers and principals for all students, especially the kids who need them most.Todays announcement is another important step forward in improving access to a quality education, a 44 of President Obamas ye
5、ar of action.Later today, Secretary Duncan will lead a roundtable discussion with principals and school teachers from across the country about the 45 of working in high-need schools and how to adopt promising practices for supporting great educators in these schools.A. AnnouncingB.beneficialC.challe
6、ngesD.commitment E.component F.contestsG.critically H.developI.distributing J.enhanceK.entitledL.potential M.properly N.qualified O.retainSection BThe Changes Facing Fast FoodA.Fast-food firms have to be a thick-skinned bunch.Health experts regularly criticise them severelyfor selling food that make
7、s people fat.Critics even complain that McDonalds, whose logosymbolises calorie excess, should not have been allowed to sponsor the World Cup.These arethings fast-food firms have learnt to cope with.But not perhaps for much longer.The burgerbusiness faces more pressure from regulators at a time when
8、 it is already adapting strategies inresponse to shifts in the global economy.B)Fast food was once thought to be recession-proof.When consumers need to cut spending, the logicgoes, cheap meals like Big Macs and Whoppers become even more attractive.Such trading downproved true for much of the latest
9、recession, when fast-food companies picked up customers who could no longer afford to eat at casual restaurants.Traffic was boosted in America, the home of fast food, with discounts and promotions, such as $1 menus and cheap combination meals.C)As a result, fast-food chains have weathered the recess
10、ion better than their more expensive competitors.In 2009 sales at full-service restaurants in America fell by more than 6% , but total sales remained about the same at fast-food chains.In some markets, such as Japan, France and Britain, total spending on fast food increased.Same-store sales in Ameri
11、ca at McDonalds, the worlds largest fast-food company, did not decline throughout the downturn.Panera Bread, an American fast-food chain known for its fresh ingredients, performed well, too, because it offers higher-quality food at lower prices than restaurants.D)But not all fast-food companies have
12、 been as fortunate.Many, such as Burger King, have seen sales fall.In a severe recession, while some people trade down to fast food, many others eat at home more frequently to save money.David Palmer, an analyst at UBS, a bank, says smaller fast- food chains in America, such as Jack in the Box and C
13、arls Jr., have been hit particularly hard in this downturn because they are competing with the global giant McDonalds, which increased spending on advertising by more than 7% last year as others cut back.E.Some fast-food companies also sacrificed their own profits by trying to give customers better
14、value.During the recession companies set prices low, hoping that once they had tempted customers through the door they would be persuaded to order more expensive items.But in many cases that strategy did not work.Last year Burger King franchisees (特许经营人)sued (起诉)the company over its double-cheesebur
15、ger promotion, claiming it was unfair for them to be repuired to sell these for $1 when they cost$1.10 to make.In May a judge ruled in favour of Burger King.Nevertheless, the company may still be cursing its decision to promote cheap choices over more expensive ones because items on its value menu n
16、ow account for around 20% of all sales, upfrom 12% last October.F.Analysts expect the fast-food industry to grow modestly this year.But the downturn is makingcompanies rethink their strategies.Many are now introducing higher-priced items to entice (引诱)consumers away from $1 specials.KFC, a division
17、of Yum! Brands, which also owns Taco Belland Pizza Hut, has launched a chicken sandwich that costs around $5.And in May Burger Kingintroduced barbecue (烧烤)pork ribs at $7 for eight.G.Companies are also trying to get customers to buy new and more items, including drinks.McDonalds started selling bett
18、er coffee as a challenge to Starbucks.Its McCafe line nowaccounts for an estimated 6% of sales in America.Starbucks has sold rights to its Seattles Bestcoffee brand to Burger King, which will start selling it later this year.H.As fast-food companies shift from super size to more buys, they need to k
19、eep customer traffichigh throughout the day.Many see breakfast as a big opporttmity, and not just for fatty food.McDonalds will start selling porridge (粥)in America next year.Breakfast has the potential to bevery profitable, says Sara Senatore of Bernstein, a research firm, because the margins can b
20、e high.Fast-food companies are also adding midday and late-night snacks, such as blended drinks andwraps.The idea is that by having a greater range of things on the menu, we can sell to consumersproducts they want all day, says Rick Carucci., the .chief financial officer of Yum ! Brands.I.But what a
21、bout those growing waistlines? So far, fast-food firms have cleverly avoided governmentregulation.By providing healthy options, like salads and low-calorie sandwiches, they have at leastgiven the impression of doing something about helping to fight obesity (肥胖症).These offeringsare not necessarily lo
22、ss-leaders, as they broaden the appeal of outlets to groups of diners thatinclude some people who dont want to eat a burger.But customers cannot be forced to ordersalads instead of fries.J.In the future, simply offering a healthy option may not be good enough.Every packaged-food and restaurant compa
23、ny I know is concerned about regulation right now, says Mr.Palmer of UBS.Americas health-reform bill, which Congress passed this year, requires restaurant chains with 20 ormore outlets to put the calorie-content of items they serve on the menu.A study by the NationalBureau of Economic Research, whic
24、h tracked the effects on Starbucks of a similar calorie-postinglaw in New York City in 2007, found that the average calorie-count per transaction fell 6% andrevenue increased 3% at Starbucks stores where a Dunldn Donuts outlet was nearby-a sign, it issaid, that menu-labelling could favour chains tha
25、t have more healthy offerings.K.In order to avoid other legislation in America and elsewhere, fast-food companies will have tocontinue innovating (创新).Walt Riker of McDonalds claims the change it has made in its menumeans it offers more healthy items than it did a few years ago.We probably sell more
26、 vegetables,more milk, more salads, more apples than any restaurant business in the world, he says.But therecent proposal by a county in California to ban McDonalds from including toys in its high-calorieHappy Meals, because legislators believe it attracts children to unhealthy food, suggests there
27、isa lot more left to do.46.Some people propose laws be made to stop McDonalds from attaching toys to its food specials for children.47.Fast-food finns may not be able to cope with pressures from food regulation in the near future.48.Burger King will start to sell Seattles Best coffee to increase sal
28、es.49.Some fast-food firms provide healthy food to give the impression they are helping to tackle the obesity problem.50. During the recession, many customers turned to fast food to save money.51.Many people eat out less often to save money in times of recession.52.During the recession, Burger Kings
29、 promotional strategy of offering low-priced items often proved ineffective.53.Fast-food restaurants can make a lot of money by selling breakfast.54.Many fast-food companies now expect to increase their revenue by introducing higher-priced items.55.A newly-passed law asks big fast-food chains to spe
30、cify the calorie count of what they serve on the menu.Section CPassage OneQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.If you think a high-factor sunscreen (防晒霜)keeps you safe from harmful rays, you may be wrong.Research in this weeks Nature shows that while factor 50 reduces the number of
31、melanomas(黑瘤)and delays their occurrence, it cant prevent them.Melanomas are the most aggressive skin cancers.You have a higher risk if you have red or blond hair, fair skin, blue or green eyes, or sunburn easily, or if a close relative has had one.Melanomas are more common if you have periodic inte
32、nse exposure to the sun.Other skin cancers are increasingly likely with long-term exposure.There is continuing debate as to how effective sunscreen is in reducing melanomas the evidence is weaker than it is for preventing other types of skin cancer.A 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people found that
33、people randomly selected to apply sunscreen daily had half the rate of melanomas of people who used cream as needed.A second study, comparing 1,167 people with melanomas to 1,101 who didnt have the cancer, found that using sunscreen routinely, alongside other protection such as hats,long sleeves or
34、staying in the shade, did give some protection.This study said other forms of sun protection not sunscreen seemed most beneficial.The study relied on people remembering what they had done over each decade of their lives, so its not entirely reliable.But it seems reasonable to think sunscreen gives p
35、eople a false sense of security in the sun.Many people also dont use sunscreen properly applying insufficient amounts, failing to reapply after a couple of hours and staying in the sun too long.It is sunburn that is most worrying recent research shows five episodes of sunburn in the teenage years in
36、creases the risk of all skin cancers.The good news is that a combination of sunscreen and covering up can reduce melanoma rates, as shown by Australian figures from their slip-slop-slap campaign.So if there is a heat wave this summer, it would be best for us, too, to slip on a shirt, slop on (抹上)sun
37、screen and slap on a hat.56.What is peoples common expectation of a high-factor sunscreen?A.It will delay the occurrence of skin cancer.B.It will protect them from sunburn.C.It will keep their skin smooth and fair.D.It will work for people of any skin color.57.What does the research in Nature say ab
38、out a high-factor sunscreen?A.It is ineffective in preventing melanomas.B.It is ineffective in case of intense sunlight.C.It is ineffective with long-term exposure.D.It is ineffective for people with fair skin.58.What do we learn from the 2011 Australian study of 1,621 people?A.Sunscreen should be a
39、pplied alongside other protection measures.B.High-risk people benefit the most from the application of sunscreen.C.Irregular application of sunscreen does women more harm than good.D.Daily application of sunscreen helps reduce the incidence of melanomas.59.What does the author say about the second A
40、ustralian study?A.It misleads people to rely on sunscreen for protection.B.It helps people to select the most effective sunscreen.C.It is not based on direct observation of the subjects.D.It confirms the results of the first Australian study.60.What does the author suggest to reduce melanoma rates?A
41、.Using both covering up and sunscreen.B.Staying in the shade whenever possible.C.Using covering up instead of sunscreen.D.Applying the right amount of sunscreen.Passage TwoQuestions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than
42、the less-skilled.Some65% of American men aged 62 -74 with a professional degree are in the workforce, compared with32% of men with only a high-school certificate.This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-educated well-off and the unskilled poor.Rapid technological advance has raised th
43、e incomes of the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled.The consequences, for individuals and society, are profound.The world is facing an astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they will live longer than ever before.Over the next 20 years the global population of those age
44、d 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion.The experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (长寿)translated into more years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swellin
45、g ranks of pensioners will create government budget problems.But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled.Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older skilled folk
46、 are working longer.The divide is most extreme in America, where well-educated baby-boomers (二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人)are putting off retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the workforce.Policy is partly responsible.Many European governments have abandoned policies that used to
47、encourage people to retire early.Rising life expectancy (预期寿命), combined with the replacement of generous defmed-benefit pension plans with less generous defined-contribution ones, means that even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.But the changing nature of work also p
48、lays a big role.Pay has risen sharply for the highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding generation.Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that complement computer
49、s, from management knowhow to creativity, do not necessarily decline with age.61.What is happening in the workforce in rich countries?A.Younger people are replacing the elderly.B.Well-educated people tend to work longer.C.Unemployment rates are rising year after year.D.People with no college degree do not easily find work.62.What has helped deepen the divide between