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1、编号：时间：2021年x月x日书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟页码：第26页 共26页Unit 12 Restructuring the Sentence 强调句规范 Topical Highlights单元要点 Theme Presentation主题描述 1.Readjustment of Elements句子成分的转化 2.Translation 0f Passive Voice被动语态的翻译 3.Translation of Subordinate Clauses 从句的翻译 Useful Words and Phrases常用词语 Reflections and Practice思考与
2、实践 BACK Theme Presentation主题描述 英汉两种语言，在句法结构、表达方式等方面存在着很大的差异。为了获得准确、严谨、规范的译文，译者不能把自己局限在原文的语言形式中。过于迁就原文的句子结构和词序排列，会导致译文层次不明，罗嗦累赘。出于英汉两种语言表达的需要，译者必须跳出原文的框框，对原文的句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整，力求达到译文组句的规范性. 1. Readjustment of Elements句子成分的转化 由于英语和汉语两种语言的句子结构和表达方式不同，翻译时，为了使译文通顺、规范，有必要将英语的某一成分转换为汉语的另一成分或将汉语的某一成分转换为英语的另一
3、成分。这是翻译合同文件常用的方法。现将句子成分转化的情况分述如下： 1) Adjusting the Subject主语的转换 (1)主语转换为谓语的情况：主语转换为谓语，往往是原文的主语为动作性的名词，且采用被动语态。译成汉语时，需将英语的被动语态调整为汉语的主动语态，进行转换翻译。例如： Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order, otherwise the Buyer may at its option cancel the order without cost to him, and c
4、harge the Seller for any loss incurred as a result of the latters failure to make such delivery 卖方必须在购货订单规定的时间内交货，否则，买方可取消订货，而不承担任何损失，并要求卖方赔偿由不交货所造成的一切损失。 原文的名词delivery作主语，转换为译文的动词“交货”作谓语，同时在主语的位置加译了“卖方”二字。 Payment shall be made by net cash against sight draft with Bill of Lading attached showing th
5、e shipment of the goods. Such payment shall be made through the Bank of China, Yantai Branch. The Bill Of Lading shall not be delivered to the Buyer until such draft is paid 凭即期汇票和所附表明货物发运的提单通过中国银行烟台分行以现金支付。汇票未付之前，提单不交给买方。 原句中的payment作主语，可译为汉语的一个动词。 Partial shipments shall be permitted upon presenta
6、tion of a clean set Of shipping document 可以允许分批发货，但须提出一套明确的装运单据。 原文中的主语shipment转换为汉语的动词，原文中修饰主语的partial转换为状语。 (2)主语转换为宾语的情况：主语转换为宾语，原文的主语往往为普通名词，且常为被动语态。译成汉语时，将英语的被动语态改译为汉语的主动语态，主语转换为宾语。例如： Should all or part of the Contract and its appendices be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one part
7、y, the breaching party shall bear the responsibilities thus caused. 由于一方过失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同及附件时，由过失方承担违约责任。 lf any terms and conditions of this Contract are breached and the breach is not corrected by the breaching party within 30 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then
8、 the no breaching party shall have the option to terminate this Contract by giving written notice thereof to the breaching party 如果一方违反本合同的任何条款，并且在接到另一方的书面通知后30日内不予以补救，未违约方有权选择向违约方书面通知终止本合同。 Progress review meeting will be held al the Sellers plant with the buyers representatives as necessary during
9、 the manufacturing of the Equipment. At such meeting, the Seller shall report progress and indicate completion status against schedule 在设备制造期间，如有必要，将邀请买方代表参加在卖方工厂举行的进展评定会，会上由卖方报告进展情况与按计划完成的情况。 (3)主语转化为定语的情况：如果主语和宾语之间的关系密切，或宾语本身就是主语的一部分，译成汉语时，为使译文符合汉语的表达习惯，往往把原文的主语转换为定语。例如： Each Party is liable to th
10、e Joint Venture Company only up to the limit Of the capital subscribed by it 各方对合营公司的责任以各自认缴的出资额为限。 The Guarantee Period shall start from the exact date on which the Purchaser receives notification in writing from the Vendor that Plant is ready for dispatch from the Works 担保期限的具体日期自买方收到卖方发出的、并告知已随时可
11、从工厂发运的书面通知起开始计算。 The licensee shall keep books and records in sufficient detail to enable the royalties payable hereunder to be determined， and shall further permit such books and records to be examined by a certified public accountant appointed by the licensor al any reasonable time during the busi
12、ness hours to the extent necessary to verify the royalty reports and payments herein 被许可方应当详细记账和作记录，以使其成为决定以下提成费时的依据。为验明提成报告和所支付的提成费，被许可方还应准许许可方指定的注册公共会计师在营业时间内的任何适当的时候检查账簿和记录。 2) Adjusting the Object宾语的转换 (1)宾语转换为主语的情况：合同英语句中的某些动词宾语，在逻辑上是应说明的主体，为使其突出和醒目，翻译时一般将其转换为汉语的主语(我们在论述主语转换为定语时，实际上已涉及到把宾语转换为主语
13、的情况)。例如： Licensee shall keep true and accurate records， files and book of account containing all of the data reasonably required for the full computation and verification 0f the amount to be paid here under and the information to be given in the statements herein provided for 被许可方的记录，档案以及会计帐簿必须保持真实、
14、准确。其中会计账簿内容包括：为计算和稽核本协议范围所付款项所必需的全部合理数据，以及为所规定的财务报表提供所需的材料。 The Seller shall deliver the Equipment and Materials in accordance with the Contract from the 19 (nineteenth) month f0 the 27(twenty-seventh) month from the date of signing the Contract in 5 (five) lots 依据合同，卖方的设备和材料应当自合同签订之日起第19个至第27个月内分五批
15、交付。 Party A shall send twice its technical personnel lo Party Bs factory for training， and the total number of the participants shall not exceed 320(excluding the interpreter)。 甲方的技术人员将分两批赴乙方工厂接受培训，参加培训人员的总数不超过320人(翻译人员除外)。 (2)宾语转换为谓语的情况：如果原文的谓语动词不宜处理成汉语的谓语，而原文中的宾语又是含有动作意义的名词，那么在汉译时可以将原文中的宾语转换成汉语的谓语
16、，或与原文动词一起合译为汉语的谓语。例如： The Contractor shall perform the inspection and examination of all equipment， machinery and materials including spare parts required for the construction of the plant 承包人应进行检验：并稽查建设工厂所需的一切设备、机械和材料，其中包括各种备用零部件。 The Licensor will， at its own cost， take such actions to eliminate i
17、nfringement of the Licensed Patents as may be reasonably necessary and proper in its own opinion 许可方应在其认为有必要的时候，以适当的方式，自费采取行动，消除对特许产品的侵权。 The Seller shall make delivery of the goods strictly within the period stipulated herein。 In the event of delay in delivery, the Buyer may cancel the Contract and
18、 claim damages for breach of the Contract 卖方应当严格按规定的期限交货，若迟交，买方有权撤销本合同，并向卖方提出由此所造成的损失赔偿。 3) Adjusting the Predicative表语的转换 (1)表语转换为汉语的主语：在英语中，当用名词作表语时，主语和表语所表达的内容往往是一致的。在译成汉语时，为使上下文连贯，或突出表语所述的内容，可将原句中的表语转换为汉语的主语。例如： Agent oriented toward a single geographic market searching for products to import an
19、d market in the home Country is an import agent. 进口代理商是面向某一个地区市场，寻找能进口到本国销售的产品的代理人。 The date of registration of the Joint Venture Company shall be the date of the establishment of the board of directors of the Joint Venture Company 合资公司董事会成立日期，以合资公司注册登记之日为准。 This is the final arbitration award and b
20、inding on both Contracting Parties 这一仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方均有约束力。 (2)表语转换为汉语的谓语：当用介词短语作表语时，一般都应选择一个适当的汉语动词作谓语，这样有利于处理译文。 In the course of arbitration, the Contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the Contract which is under arbitration 在仲裁过程中，除了正在仲裁的部分条款外，合同的其他条款应继续执行。 WHERE
21、AS Party B is in the real estate business, and the two Parties are in consideration of the mutual conveyances and agree to enter into this Contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows： 鉴于乙方经营房地产业务，双方考虑相互的惯例，同意按下列条款签订本合同： The Buyer is of the opinion that if the result of packing in ca
22、rtons turns out to the satisfaction of the buyers clients. the Seller may continue using this packing in the future 买方认为，如果纸板箱包装的效果使买方用户满意，则卖方在今后的业务中可继续使用这种包装。 4) Adjusting the Attributive定语的转换 (1)定语转换为汉语的谓语：在汉语里，形容词是可以作谓语的。因此，当英语的形容词作前置定语时，很难将其译成通顺的汉语。此时，如果把定语转换为汉语的谓语，使之和所修饰的名词一起构成汉语的主谓词组，则可以使译文流畅规
23、范。例如： The sample of the machine submitted by the Seller is featured by novel shape, easy operation, high calorific efficiency and low fuel consumption 卖方提交的样机的特点是造型新颖、操作简便、热效率高、油耗低。 We look forward to an ever increasing volume of business with your glass factories 我方盼望与你方玻璃厂的交易额日渐增高。 We claim for sh
24、ortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s. s “Princess Victoria” “维多利亚公主”号轮装运的小麦短重和质量低劣，我方对此提出索赔。 (2)定语转换为汉语的状语：在英语中，如果将某一含有动作意义的名词转译为汉语的动词，那么，原来名词前的形容词或分词作定语，即可转为汉语的状语。例如： Any disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with the Contract shall be settle
25、d through friendly consultations between both Parties I n case n settlement can be reached through consultations. the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration 凡由执行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的一切争议，双方应友好协商解决，如果协商不能解决，应提交仲裁。 The Joint Ventures products to be sold in China may be handled by the Chinese Materials
26、and Commercial Departments by means of agency or exclusive sales, or direct sale by the Joint Venture Company 合资公司内销产品可由中国物资部门和商业部门代销或包销，或由合资公司直接销售。 Payment for the goods specified herein shall not mean a full acceptance thereof by the Buyer with regard to its quality. All goods shall be accepted on
27、ly after the Buyers close inspection 对合同规定的货物付款不意味着买方已完全接受货物的质量，所有货物要经过买方仔细检验后方可接受. 5) Adjusting the Adverbial状语的转换 (1)状语转换为汉语的主语：合同英语中有些介词短语在句中作状语时，往往在意义上和主语有密切的联系。为了强调其在句中的地位，翻译时常将这类状语转换成汉语的主语。例如： The conditions for establishment of the Joint Venture Company and the total amount of investment and
28、registered capital are stipulated in this Contract. 本合同规定了设立合资公司的条件以及投资总额与注册资本。 For the purpose of this Contract, the Party B desires to introduce the Patent and engage; n production cooperation in accordance with the technical know-how specified in the Patent 本合同的目的在于乙方希望引进专利，按专利提供的技术诀窍进行合作生产。 The
29、products fair will be held at the Standard Electrical Co. , Madrid, Spain with the Buyers representatives 买方代表将参加在西班牙马德里标准电气公司举行的产品博览会。 (2)状语转换为汉语的定语：英语中某些介词短语在形式上是状语，但实际上与句中的某个名词有密切的联系，这类状语在译成汉语时，处理成定语似乎更确切些。例如： In this Contract, the Packing Clause stipulates for one gross to a polythene bag, cover
30、ed with paper box，50 paper boxes to an inner carton to a wooden case 合同中的包装条款规定为：每一聚乙烯袋装一罗，然后装入纸盒。五十盒装一纸箱，两纸箱装一木箱。 2. Translation 0f Passive Voice被动语态的翻译 合同英语中被动语态的使用比较广泛。凡是在不必说出合同所涉及的当事人的场合，或为了突出和强调行为动作的承受者以及便于行文上的连贯等原因，往往使用被动语态。合同英语中被动语态所表达的概念，译成汉语时大多采用主动语态表示。但在具体翻译的处理上，应采用较灵活的翻译技巧，做到在内容上忠实于原文，在语言
31、形式上规范通顺。以下就被动语态的翻译方法分述如下： 1) Transforming the Passive Voice被动语态的转换翻译 在进行合同文件的英汉翻译时，为使译文成为规范的汉语，一般应对原句中某一成分进行转换。运用转换法翻译被动语态时，应注意以下几点： (1)把动作的发出者转换为主语：在合同英语中的一些被动句子中，往往出现由by或between引起的短语，在句中作状语，其中名词是本句涉及的行为当事人，为突出句中动作的发出者，可将它转换为主语。例如： If any terms and conditions to this Contract are breached and the b
32、reach is not corrected by any party within 15 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then the no breaching party shall have the option 10 terminate this Contract by giving written notice thereof to the breaching party 如果一方违背本合同的任何条款，并且在另一方发出书面通知后15日内不予以补救，未违约方有权选择向违约方书面通知终止
33、本合同。 This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below 买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品，并签订本合同。 All the payments shall be made in the U. S. Currency by
34、the Buyer to the Seller by telegraphic transfer to the Sellers designated account with the Bank of China, Beijing, China 买方应以美元支付买方货款，并以电汇的方式汇至卖方指定的在中国银行北京分行的账户。 (2)把英语句中的某一状语转换为主语：在被动语态的状语与主语之间有包容关系时，为了使译文通顺，可将状语部分译成汉语的主语。例如： The cost of the nonreturnable containers of the goods sold under this Con
35、tract is included in the prices herein specified 所定价格包括依照本合同所售装货用的一次性容器费。 The production design, technology of manufacturing, means of testing, materials prescription, standard of quality and training of personnel shall be stipulated in Chapter 4 in this contract. 本合同第四章规定了产设计、制造工艺、测试方法、材料配方、质量标准以及人
36、员培训。 The establishment, remuneration and the expenses of the staff of the preparation and construction office, when agreed by both parties, shall be covered in the project budget 经甲乙双方同意后，工程预算应包括筹建工作人员的编制、报酬及费用。 (3)把英语句中的主语转换为宾语：如果原句中没有涉及合同的当事人，可将这样的英语被动句处理成汉语的无主语句，原句的主语被转换为宾语。例如： In case the qualit
37、y, quantity or weight of the goods is found not in conformity to those stipulated in this Contract after reinsertion by the China Import and Export Commodity Inspection Bureau within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall return the goods to, or lodge clai
38、m against the Seller for compensation of losses upon the strength of Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with the exception of those claims for which the insurers or the carriers are liable 货到目的港后15天内由中国进出口商品检验局复检，如发现货物的质量和数量或重量与本合同规定不符时，除保险公司和船运公司负责赔偿的部分外，买方凭中国进出口商品检验局出具的检验证明书，向卖方提出退货
39、或索赔。 If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination. Party A shall give consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B 如果需要聘请其他国家的审计师对年度的财务进行审查，甲方应予以同意。其所需费用乙方负担。 Upon the expiration of the duration or
40、termination before the date of expiration of the joint venture, liquidation shall be carried out according relevant law. The liquidated assets shall be distributed in accordance with the proportion of investment contributed by Party A and Party B 合同期满或提前终止合营时，应依照有关法律进行结算，并根据甲、乙各方投资的比例分配结算后的财产。 2) Tr
41、anslation of Passive Voices被动语态的顺序翻译 在翻译国际商务合同时，为了使译文符合合同文体的汉语表达方式，可将原文中的某些被动语态，按原句的语序顺译。 (1)译成汉语的主动语态：合同英文的某些被动语态，可在不改变原文主语的情况下，翻译时将被动语态改成主动语态，不须添加任何词。例如： The Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery Of the goods owing to generally recognized Force Majeure causes 由于一般公
42、认的人力不可抗拒的原因所造成迟延交货或不交货，卖方不负责任。 As soon as the Goods are shipped, the Seller shall send to the Buyer the following documents through special courier, preferably DHL, so as to, reach the Buyer as far as possible 10 days before expected date Of arrival Of the vessel at the Import Countrys Port 一旦货物交运，卖
43、方应通过专门的信使，最好是通过DHL向买方寄送下列文件，以便尽可能在货船预期抵达进口国港口的日期前10天送达买方手中。 The Seller shall be entitled to terminate this Contract in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply with any terms or conditions stated in this Article 如果买方违反本条所规定的条件，卖方有权终止此合同。 (2)译成汉语的被动句：英语的被动句是由“be+ v + ed构成的。因汉语的动词无词形变化，所以译成汉语被动语态时，
44、只能通过添加一定的词汇手段来表示。例如： The term for the technology transfer agreement is signed Joint Venture Company and Party B and it shall be approved the approval authority 技术转让协议的期限由合资公司与乙方签订并经审批机关批准。 All taxes, customs duties and other excises arising in connection with the performance of the Contract outside
45、the territory of Party As Country shall be borne by Party B 凡因履行本合同而在甲方国家以外发生的一切税费，均由 乙方负担。 All the equipment and materials supplied the Seller shall be inspected the Buyer and the quality certificates and inspection and test records shall be issued the manufacturer 卖方所提供的全部设备和材料将由买方负责检验；质量合格证、检验和试验
46、记录应由制造厂出具。 (3)It is+ p. p. 结构的翻译：合同英语中有时还常用一些特殊的被动型，其结构为“It is+ p. p. +that clause。这种句型已基本形成了固定的译法，例如： It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality and quantity or weight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit 双方同意制造厂出具的质量、数量或重
47、量检验证明书作为有关信用证项下付款的单据之一。 It is strictly understood that the Sellers can not be held responsible for non-delivery or delayed delivery of the goods ordered if the situation is caused by Force Majeure, such as war, rebellion, fire, strike, new levies imposed by government, mistakes in telegrams, inability of, or refusal by the manufacturers to fulfill this Contract or any other causes beyond Sellers control 严格明确卖方对于自己无法控制的不可抗力，如战争、造反、火灾、罢工、政府新征税、电报错误、生产厂商无能力或拒绝按合同生产致使已定货物不能发货或迟延发货概不负责。