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1、高中英语外刊阅读语法填空September 221 人类是如何知道接种疫苗的？How Was Vaccination Discovered?Back in the late 1700s, long before people understood the reason behind immunity(免疫), farmers and doctors in rural areas of Britain noticed that dairymaids （牛奶工）and other people 1_ got a mild disease called cowpox（牛痘） seldom caugh
2、t its fearsome cousin, smallpox（天花）. Was there a connection? Some decided there was and inserted(植入) material from the cowpox into an incision （切口）they cut on the arm of healthy people, thus somehow 2_(protect) them from smallpox. In 1798, a doctor named Edward Jenner published the results of his ex
3、periments using this procedure, earning 3_(he) fame as the “Father of Smallpox Vaccination.” Scientists later figured out why Jenner was right that cowpox somehow protected one from smallpox. You see, when people caught cowpox, their bodies made special cells 4_(call) antibodies. They fought the dis
4、ease. Thats not all. They lingered(存续) in the blood 5_ case the disease ever returned. Because cowpox and smallpox are fairly similar, if a person was later exposed to the more serious disease, anti-bodies were ready 6_( fight) it too. That knowledge helped scientists develop vaccines. The term vacc
5、ination was coined from the Latin for cow (vacca)(母牛). They contain small doses of weakened（致弱）, dead（灭活） or modified （改良的） viruses. Injected into the blood, they trick the immune system into making antibodies. 7_ the body ever encounters those same viruses, even at full 8_(strong)(全力以赴), the antibo
6、dies make short work of them(很快完事). Vaccination prior to 9_(expose) to the virus is ideal. But a vaccination given within three days of exposure will 10_(complete) prevent or significantly modify smallpox in the majority of people and given within the first four to seven days will likely offer some
7、protection or alter(减轻) the severity（严重性） of the disease.keys:1 who 2 protecting 3 himself 4 called 5 in6 to fight 7 If 8 strength 9 exposure 10 completely 2研究：2040年全球塑料垃圾至少将达到7亿吨World will have 710M tons of plastic pollution by 2040 despite efforts to cut waste, study saysIf the world embarked(着手，从
8、事) on an immediate and globally-coordinated （联合）effort to reduce our plastic 1_(consume), there would still be 2_ estimated 710 million metric tons of plastic that will pollute the environment by 2040, new research has found.The study, from a group of international researchers and published in the j
9、ournalScienceon Thursday, found that even in a best-case scenario(预测) 3_ the amount of plastic pollution was reduced by 80% by 2040, there would still be a massive build-up of accumulated plastic.Millions of tons of plastic enter the oceans every year, 4_(pollute) the seas, littering beaches and end
10、angering wildlife. Plastic particles 5_(find) in soils, in the atmosphere and even in the most remote regions of Earth, such as Antarctica. Microplastics are also eaten by fish and other sea creatures, where they enter the food chain.A rapid growth in plastic production, spurred（刺激） by a rise in sin
11、gle-use plastics and a throw-away culture has exacerbated (加剧)the problem, the report said. Meanwhile, waste management systems in countries around the world dont have the capacity to 6_(safe) dispose of or recycle plastic waste.The team found that there is no silver bullet solution to 7_(reduce) gl
12、obal plastic pollution.Instead, change 8_( need) across the whole supply chain, they said, from the manufacturing of plastics, to pre-consumption (known as upstream) and after use (recycling and reusing) to stop the spread of plastic pollution into the environment.One key finding the study identifie
13、d is 9_ waste mismanagement wasnt necessarily a problem of having the recycling capacity, landfill space(垃圾填埋) or incinerators（焚化炉）, but the bottle neck came from the collection gap（收集差距）.There are billions of people without collection services right now. When certain groups say we can recycle our w
14、ay out of it, you cant recycle something you havent collected. You cant dispose of something you havent collected, said Dr. Winnie Lau, co-author of the study.The team noted that in many middle-income countries, such as India, 10_(formal) workers and waste pickers made a living from collecting plast
15、ics and that their work was a key component of being able to solve this collection gap. Often these workers have no legal or formal recognition and no protection.By highlighting how vital they are to this sector, the authors said it will hopefully bring them into the part of the economy where their
16、contribution is recognized.Keys:1 consumption 2 an 3 where 4 polluting 5 have been found6 safely 7 reducing 8 is needed 9 that 10 informal3研究：气候变化将使北极熊在本世纪末灭绝Climate change on track to wipe out polar bears by end of century, study warnsClimate change is starving polar bears into 1_(extinct), accordi
17、ng to research published Monday that predicts the apex carnivores(食物链顶端的食肉动物) could all but disappear within the span of a human lifetime. In some regions they are already caught in a vicious（恶性的） downward spiral（螺旋形的）, with shrinking sea ice 2_(cut) short the time bears have for hunting seals, scie
18、ntists reported in Nature Climate Change.Their dwindling(下降的) body weight undermines（降低） 3_(they) chances of surviving Arctic winters without food, the scientists added.The bears face an ever longer fasting period（禁食期） before the ice refreezes（冻结） and they can head back out to feed, Steven Amstrup,
19、who conceived the study and is chief scientist of Polar Bears International, told AFP.On current trends, the study concluded, polar bears in 12 of 13 subpopulations(亚种群) 4_(analyze) will have been decimated （灭绝）within 80 years by the galloping pace of change in the Arctic, 5_ is warming three times
20、as fast as the planet as a whole.By 2100, recruitment new births will be 6_(severe) compromised(陷入危险) or impossible everywhere except perhaps in the Queen Elizabeth Island subpopulation, in Canadas Arctic Archipelago, said Amstrup.That scenario foresees Earths average surface temperature rising 3.3
21、degrees Celsius above the preindustrial benchmark(工业化前基准水平). One degree of warming so far 7_(trigger)（引起） a crescendo（顶点） of heat waves, droughts and super storms made more destructive by rising seas.The threat is not rising temperatures per se(本身，自身) but the top-of-the-food-chain predators inabilit
22、y to adapt 8_a rapidly shifting environment.Half of Earths land-based megafauna(巨型动物) are classified as 9_(threaten) with extinction, but only polar bears are endangered primarily by climate change.But that status may not be unique for long, and should 10_(see) as a harbinger(预告者) of how climate will impact other animals in the coming decades, the authors warned.But we cannot build a fence to protect sea ice from rising temperatures, said Amstrup.Keys:1 extinction 2 cutting 3 their 4 analyzed 5 which6 severely 7 has triggered 8 to 9 threatened 10 be seen