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1、9跟着课文学语法选择性必修二Unit 2 Reading cultures【主题：文化沟通与交流】本单元按照课文要求须掌握的语法点是“名词性从句”。名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的各种从句统称为名词性从句。根据它们在句中所起的语法作用，这类从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句要用陈述语序，而不用疑问语序。如：He asked me how long I had kept the book. 他问我那本书借了多长时间了。How the big balloon burst remains a puzzle now. 那个大气球是如何爆炸的至今还是一个谜。I hope (th
2、at) you enjoy your holiday. 我希望你假期过得好。1. 主语从句 主语从句可以直接放在句首，也可用it做形式主语，而将从句放在句末。that从句做主语时，常用it做形式主语。常见的结构有： It + be + 名词+ that从句It is a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。Its a good thing (that) you were insured. 你上了保险，这可是件好事。 It + be + 形容词+ that从句It is certain that well witness her excellent performanc
3、e in the exam. 我们一定可以见证她在考试中的优异表现。Its strange that there are no lights on. 真奇怪，没有一盏灯是开着的。 It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句It is said that two men were killed in the accident. 据说在这起事故中有两人死亡。It is decided that the meeting has been put off till next Monday. 会议已决定推迟到下周一。 It + 不及物动词+ that 从句It happened that I w
4、as out that day. 我碰巧那天出去了。It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all. 艾丽斯似乎不来参加晚会。 what引导的主语从句通常不用it做形式主语。如：What he wants is a computer. 他想要的是一台电脑。What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首或句尾皆可。如：Whether it is advanced remains a question.=It remains a
5、question whether it is advanced. 它到底是不是先进的还是个问题。Whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic.他能否按时来参加晚会取决于交通状况。 Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。 如果含主语从句的句子是疑问句，则须用it做形式主语。如：Has it been announced when the plane are to take off? 飞机什么时候起飞宣布了没有？Is it likely
6、 that it will rain in the evening? 今天晚上可能下雨吗？Is it really true that he has gone abroad? 他真的出国了吗？ 主语为从句时，谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句做主语，代表复数概念时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。如：What we need is time and patience. 我们所需要的是时间和耐心。What we need are useful books. 我们所需要的是有用的书。 whoever，whatever和whichever也可引导主语从句。whoever=anyone who
7、，意为“凡是的人都，任何的人都”；whatever=anything that，意为“所有的一切，无论什么”；whichever意为“无论哪个，无论哪些”，既可指人也可指物。如：Whoever comes will be accustomed to the custom quickly. 任何人来都会很快适应这里的风俗。Whatever was said here must be kept a secret. 在这儿所说的一切必须保密。Whichever book you choose doesnt matter to me. 无论你选择哪一本书对我都无关紧要。【相关试题解析】1. It do
8、esnt matter you turn right or left at the crossingboth roads lead to the park.（2017北京高考题）A. whetherB. howC. ifD. when解析：题干中it做形式主语，所以所选的连词在句中引导主语从句。whether引导名词性从句表示“是否”之意，而且题干中出现了关键信息词or。whether.or.表示“是还是”。if引导名词性从句也表示“是否”，但引导表语从句、同位语从句等只能用whether而不能用if。【答案选A】2. one of you breaks the window will hav
9、e to pay for it.（江西高考题）A. WhoeverB. WhateverC. WhicheverD. Wherever解析：此处指从you这一范围中作出选择，whichever表示“无论哪一个”。【答案选C】2. 宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中做宾语的名词性从句。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句、表语从句的连接词大致一样，在句中可以做谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 由连接词that引导的宾语从句连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省略，但如果从句是并列句时，第二个分句前的that不可省略。如：He has told me
10、that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。He said (that) he had finished his homework and that he would start reading a novel. 他说他已经完成作业，要开始看小说了。但要注意:在demand，order，suggest，decide，in
11、sist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。如：I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 由who，whom，which，whose，what，when，where，why，how，whoever，whatever，whichever等连接词引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序。如：I wan
12、t to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。 由whether或if引导的宾语从句，也要用陈述语序。此外，whether与if作“是否”讲时，在引导主语从句且在句首时、引导表语从句时、引导从句且该从句做介词宾语时、从句后有or not时、后接动词不定式时一般用whether。如：I wonder whe
13、ther / if the news is true or not. 我想知道这个消息是不是真的。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。The question is whether she has made a giant leap. 问题是她是否有了巨大的飞越。Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?
14、你能否告诉我是去还是留？ 当主句是现在时态时，从句根据句子的自身情况，可使用不同时态。如：I assume (that) he studies English every day. 我认为他每天都学习英语。（从句用一般现在时）I assume (that) he studied English last term. 我认为他上学期学过英语。（从句用一般过去时）I know (that) he will study English next year. 我知道他明年会学英语。（从句用一般将来时） 在I think / believe / imagine / suppose等后的否定性宾语从句中，
15、要把上述主句中的动词变成否定句，即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。如：We dont think you are here. 我们认为你不在这里。I dont believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。I dont think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。【相关试题解析】1.Its good to know the dogs will be well cared for while were away.（2019山东高考题）A. whatB. whoseC. whichD. that解析： 动词know后是宾语从句，从句中不缺成分，用that起连接作用。【答
16、案选D】2.It is difficult for us to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world.（2019山东高考题）A. whereB. whatC. whichD. why解析： 本题考查宾语从句引导词的选择。imagine是及物动词，其后接的从句是宾语从句，而在宾语从句中，介词like后缺宾语，故用what引导宾语从句。A项要在宾语从句中做地点状语；C项引导宾语从句时，在从句中可做主语、宾语等，但在语意上表示“哪一个”；D项在宾语从句中做原因状语。【答案选B】 3.Pick yourself up. Courag
17、e is doing youre afraid to do.（2020福建高考题）A. thatB. whatC. howD. whether解析： 本题考查名词性从句引导词的选择。分析句子结构可知，动词doing后接的是宾语从句，从句中do后缺的是宾语，需用what引导。【答案选B】3. 表语从句在句中做表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+ that从句。如：The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。That is
18、why he didnt come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。但要注意：当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导。如：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train this morning. 他迟到的原因是他今天早上错过了火车。【相关试题解析】the students suggested was more free time to arrange their studies.（2016上海一模题）A
19、. That; that they must be givenB. What; that they be givenC. Whether; that they should be givenD. How; what should be given解析：本题考查名词性从句中引导词的选择以及从句中虚拟语气的使用。the students suggested为主语从句，主语从句中缺少suggested的宾语，故引导词用what；more free time to arrange their stud-ies为表语从句，表语从句应用虚拟语气，谓语动词用“should+do”的形式，其中，should可
20、省略。【答案选B】4. 同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。如：The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息是令人激动的。I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知
21、道他什么时候回家。The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到玛丽可能生病了。【相关试题解析】1. Evidence has been found through years of study childrens early sleeping problems are like-ly to continue when they grow up. （2018重庆高考题）A. whyB. howC. whetherD. that解析：分析题意可知childrens early sleeping problems are
22、.grow up是evidence的同位语，而从句中不缺少句子成分，故用that引导该同位语从句。【答案选D】2. Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University. Yeah, but I have no idea he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.（2019重庆高考题）A. whenB. whyC. thatD. how解析： 本题考查同位语从句引导词的选择。idea后接同位语从句，表示某个想法的具体内容。根据thats one of his favorite universities可知，“我”不知道他拒绝耶鲁大学的原因所在。【答案选B】人教高中英语（2019版）