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1、专升本英语-语法结构讲义汇总一、时态一、时态 1 1 一般现在时一般现在时_。1)If she doesnt tell him the truth now,hell simply keep on asking her until she _.A.does B.has done C.will do D.would do 2)Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone _ them.A.discovered B.will discover C.would have discovered D.disco
2、vers注：_。I decided to go to the library as soon as I _ what I was doing.A.have finished B.would finish C.finished D.had finished2 2 现在进行时现在进行时1）与 always/constantly/continually/forever 等副词连用，表示_。He is always changing his mind.2）表示_。My friend is coming to visit me next week.3 3 现在完成时现在完成时时间状语标记词：for 和
3、since 引导的短语；up to now,this week/year/month,s so o far,far,toto date,date,asas yetyet,just,lately,recently,already,yet,for the last few weeks 等。1）与情态动词连用a.a.must+现在完成时：_may/might+现在完成时：_cant/couldnt+现在完成时：_ 1)From the tears in Nedras eyes we can deduce that something sad _.A.must have occurred B.woul
4、d have occurred C.might be occurring D.should occur2)My pain _ apparent the moment I walked into the room,for the first man I met asked sympathetically:“Are you feeling all right?”A.must be B.had been C.must have been D.had to be3)Investigators agreed that passengers on the airliner _ at the very mo
5、ment of the crash.A.should have died B.must be dying C.must have died D.ought to die 注:_eg.Comrade Li _ be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago.A.mustnt B.cant C.may not D.isnt able to b.b.should/ought to+现在完成时：_shouldnt/oughtnt to+现在完成时：_1)With all this work on hand,he _ to t
6、he cinema last night.A.mustnt have gone B.wouldnt have gone C.shouldnt have gone D.couldnt have gone 2)The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He _ have driven so fast.A.cant B.wouldnt C.shouldnt D.mustntc.c.neednt+现在完成时：_.1)You _ all those calculations!We have a computer to do that sort of
7、thing.A.neednt have done B.mustnt have done C.might not have done D.wouldnt have done2)As it turned out to be a small house party,we _ so formally.A.neednt dress up B.did not need have dressed upC.did not need dress D.neednt have dressed up3)They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.In fa
8、ct,they _ at all.A.neednt have gone B.mustnt have gone C.might not have gone D.wouldnt have gone注：注：_：1.Greatly agitated,I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,_ to find it locked.A.just B.only C.hence D.thus2.After twenty years abroad,William came back only _(find)his hometown severely damage
9、d in an earthquake.2）用于特殊句型a.It is(will be)thethe firstfirst time(that)I havehave beenbeen there.b.She is thethe brightestbrightest girl(that)I havehave everever taughttaught.c.This is thethe onlyonly party(that)I havehave really enjoyedenjoyed in my life.注：以上 3 个句子如果主句用一般过去时，that 从句则相应地改为“过去完成时”。4
10、4(现在现在 /过去过去)完成进行时完成进行时表示动作从过去过去某时开始，一直延续到现在现在/过去过去某时，可能还要继续下去。时间状语标志词：allall thethe morningmorning /forfor hourshours /sincesince thisthis morningmorning /allall thethe timetime /everever sincesince /1).He hashas been writing letters since this morning.2).After searching for half an hour,she realiz
11、edrealized that her glasses hadhad been lying on the table all the time.5 5 过去完成时过去完成时表示过去过去某一时刻或动作以前已经完成了已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去”。1）时间状语标志词：_；_；_。a)By the end of last year,I _ in this college for ten years.A.have worked B.have been worked C.had worked D.had been workingb)Before the first non-stop fli
12、ght made in 1949,it _ necessary for all planes to land for refueling.A.would be B.has been C.had been D.would have been 2）用于以下句型：（表示“刚就”）no sooner than hardly scarcely when/before barely a.Hardly had he finished his speech _ the audience start cheering.A.and B.when C.than D.as b.Scarcely had they se
13、ttled themselves in their seats in the theatre _ the curtain went up.A.than B.when C.before D.as3）expect/hope/intend/mean/plan/suppose/think/want 等 _。a.I had planned to visit you,but I just couldnt find time.b.He had hoped to come and help,but he was sick.6 6 将来完成时（将来完成时（willwill /shallshall +现在完成时）
14、现在完成时）时间状语标志词：_a)Its reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _by about 10%.A.will have risen B.has risen C.will be rising D.has been risenb)Conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A.must have lasted B.will have lasted C.would last D.has lasted c)By the time he
15、 arrives in Beijing,we _ here for two days.A.have been staying B.have stayed C.shall stay D.will have stayed7 7 一般将来时表示法：一般将来时表示法：a)He will speak at the meeting.b)I think it is going to rain.c)There is to be a test next week.d)School is about to start.e)Ill tell him as soon as he comes back.f)His br
16、other is coming next week.g)We will be staying at Beijing Hotel.注：_。Sir Denis,who is 78,has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A.are left B.are to be left C.is leaving D.is to be left二、语态二、语态英语中各类时态题、语气题、非谓语动词题等都要考虑语态，即到底用主动还是被动。练习练习(1)The bank is reported in the local newspap
17、er _ in broad daylight yesterday.A.to be robbed B.robbed C.to have been robbed D.having been robbed(2)The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years ago when Dr.Audon became its first president.A.to be set up B.being set up C.to have been set up D.having been set up(3)Ted has told me
18、that he always escapes _ as he has got a very fast sports car.A.to fine B.to be fined C.being fined D.having been fined注意事项：注意事项：1感官动词（see,look,listen to,hear,taste,）和使役动词（make,get,have）在主动语态中，_。a.My sisters professor had her _ her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.
19、A.rewritten B.to rewrite C.rewrite D.rewriting b.I have heard both teachers and students _ well of him.A.to speak B.spoken C.to have spoken D.speak2在 want,need,desire,require 等动词后接动名词动名词表示被动，即：_。Your hair wants _.Youd better have it done tomorrow.A.cut B.to cut C.cutting D.being cut三、虚拟语气三、虚拟语气1 1 三
20、大公式：三大公式：与现在事实相反：Ifwere/did,主句 would/should/could/might+do与过去事实相反：Ifhad done,主句 would/should/could/might+have done should do与将来事实相反：If were to do,主句 should/would/could/might+do dideg.a.If the earth suddenly _ spinning,we would all fly off it.A.stopped B.had stopped C.stops D.has stoppedb.Things migh
21、t have been much worse if the mother _ on her right to keep the baby.A.has been insisting B had insistedC.would insist D.insisted 2 2 具体考点、用法：具体考点、用法：1）_。a)_ right now,she would get there on Sunday.A.Would she leave B.If she leaves C.Were she to leave D.If she had leftb)Had he worked harder,he _ the
22、 exams.A.must have got through B.would have got throughC.would get through D.could get through 2）_。a)Had she listened to the lecture carefully last night,she wouldnt _ in the examination now.A.fail B.have failed C.have been failing D.have been failed b)If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you
23、when you fell,you _ now.A.wouldnt be smiling B.couldnt have smiled C.wont smile D.didnt smile c)If I _ harder at school,I would be sitting in a comfortable office now.A.worked B.were to work C.had worked D.were working 与现在或将来事实相反：_3）wish(that)/would rather(that)与过去事实相反：_ a)Id rather you _ make any c
24、omment on the issue for the time being.A.dont B.wouldnt C.didnt D.shouldnt b)Frankly speaking,Id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.A.didnt do B.havent done C.dont do D.have donec)Jack wishes that he _ business instead of history when he was university.A.had studied B.study C.studied
25、D.had been studying 与现在或将来事实相反：_4）as if/as though 从句 与过去事实相反：_a)She looks as if she knewknew all about it.b)That tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A.werent watered B.didnt water C.hasnt been watered D.hadnt been watered5）If only 从句：_a)If only the committee _ the regulations and put them into ef
26、fect as soon as possible.A.approve B.will approve C.can approve D.would approve b)Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I _ your advice.A.followed B.follow C.have followed D.had followed 注意：Only if（只要/只有）：引导真实条件句，only 用来强调 if 从句。例如：Shell go only if I go 除非我去她才去.与现在或将来事实相反：_6）but for(=withou
27、t):“若没有”与过去事实相反：_a)But for your help,we could not have finished the work in time.b)Without the money,I would not be alive.与现在或将来事实相反：_7）otherwise(不然的话，否则)与过去事实相反：_ a)He said that the driver must have had an accident;otherwise he _ by then A.would have arrived B.must have arrived C.should arrived D.w
28、ould 注意：would rather=would just as soon=would sooner.后接动词原形。如：I would just as soon staystay at home.我宁愿呆在家里。但如果后面接的是从句从句，则一定是用虚拟语气虚拟语气。arrive b)Mary _ my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.A.has received B.ought to have receivedC.couldnt have received D.shouldnt have received c)We di
29、dnt know his telephone number;otherwise we _ him.A.would have telephoned B.must have telephoned C.would telephone D.had telephoned8）下列动词（其后接 thatthat从句从句）表示“提议、建议提议、建议”：suggest,propose,recommend,move(动议),advise,表示“主张主张”：insist,maintain,hold,urge,表示“要求要求”：ask,request,require,demand,desire,表示“命令命令”：or
30、der,command,direct,(注：_。)a.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A.were not played B.not to play C.not be played D.did not play b.As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces,I have directed that all measures _ for our defense.A.had been taken B.would b
31、e taken C.be taken D.to be taken c.The article suggests that when a person _ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well-balanced diet.A.is B.were C.be D.was9）_。a.Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it _ in a rel
32、igious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.A.is to be analyzed B.has been analyzed C.be analyzed D.should have been analyzed b.We are all for your proposal that the discussion _.A.be put off B.was put off C.should put off D.is to put off10)_：necessary（必须的）essential（重要的）vital（重要的）important（重要的）It i
33、s+imperative（必须的）+thatthat+主语+_ urgent（紧要的）advisable（应该的）proper（适当的）obligatory（必须的）eg.a)It is important that enough money _ to fund the project.A.be collected B.must be collected C.is collected D.can be collectedb)I dont think it advisable that Tom _ to the job since he has no experience.A.is assign
34、ed B.will be assigned C.be assigned D.has been assignedc)The board deemed it urgent that these files _ right away.A.had to be printed B.should have been printed C.must be printed D.should be printed11)It is(high/about)time(that).“该是做的时间了”。a)Its already 5 oclock now.Dont you think its about time _?A.
35、we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home b)“You are very selfish.Its high time you _ that you are not the most important person in the world,”Edgar said to his boss angrily.A.realized B.have realized C.realize D.should realize12)在以 lest 引导的从句中，_：a)The mad man was put in the sof
36、t-padded cell lest he _ himself.A.injure B.had injured C.injured D.would injureb)While crossing the mountain area,all the men carried guns lest they _ by wild animals.A.should be attacked B.had been attacked C.must be attacked D.would be attacked四、情态动词四、情态动词1 情态动词+现在完成时（参见 p.2“现在完成时”）2 情态动词的固定搭配及其他1
37、）cannot+实义动词或系动词 be+tootoo (enough/sufficiently/perfectly/over/too much):_eg.a.You cannot be _ careful when you drive a car.a.very b.so c.too d.enough b.We cannot be too careful of health.c.We cannot thank him too much.3)might asas well asas do “_”eg.You might as well throw your money into the sea a
38、s lend it to him.比较比较：may might(just)as well do “最好是做”could eg.We may as well gogo home.4)not so much as “_”eg.He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.比较比较：more than eg.He is more mad than stupid.区别区别：so as to do “如此，以致于”eg.The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American Eng
39、lish are so trivial and few as hardly _.a.noticed b.to be noticed c.being noticed d.to notice It wasnt so much that I disliked her _ that I just wasnt interested in the whole business.a.rather b.so c.than d.as5)I cannot(help)butbut laugh.=I cannot help laughing._ can help but be fascinated by the wo
40、rld into which he is taken by science fiction.A.Everybody B.Anybody C.Somebody D.Nobody五、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）重点五、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）重点1 1不定式不定式1)The project _ by the end of 2000,will expand the citys telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.A.accomplished B.being accomplished C.to be accomplished D.hav
41、ing been accomplished2)Id rather read than watch television;the programs seem _ all the time.A.to get worse B.to be getting worseC.to have got worse D.getting worse3)_ a teacher in a university,it is necessary to have at least a Masters degree.A.To become B.Become C.One becomes O.On becoming4)A Drea
42、m of the Red Chamber is said _ into dozens of languages in the last decade.A.to have been translated B.to translate C.to be translated D.to have translated 2 2分词分词 1)While _ the sun,the satellite has sent more than four billion bits of information back to earth.A.having orbited B.being orbited C.hav
43、ing been orbited D.orbiting2)No matter how frequently _,the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.A.performing B.performed C.to be performed D.being performed3)_ with the size of the whole earth,the highest mountain does not seem high at all.A.When compared B.Compare C.While comparing D.
44、Comparing4)All flights _ because of the snowstorm,many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A.had been canceled B.have been canceled C.were canceled D.having been canceled3 3动名词动名词1)_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A.The girl was educated B.The girl educa
45、ted C.The girls being educated D.The girl to be educated2)Mark often attempts to escape _ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A.having been fined B.to have been finedC.to be fined D.being fined3)Its no use _ me not to worry.A.you tell B.your telling C.for you to have told D.having told4 4有些动词后面既可
46、以跟有些动词后面既可以跟“动词动词+ing”+ing”，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同：，也可以跟不定式，但意义不同：1)remember doing 记得做过某事remember to do 记得去做某事2)forget doing 忘记做过某事forget to do 忘记去做某事3)stop doing 停止正在做的事stop to do 停下来去做另一件事4)go on doing 继续做同一件事go on to do 接着做另一件事5)try doing 试一试某种办法try to do 努力、设法去做6)regret having done 对已经做过的事感到遗憾、后悔 regret
47、to do 对即将要做的事感到抱歉7)mean doing 意味着mean to do 有意要，打算 Theres a man at the reception desk who seems very angry and I think he means _ trouble.A.making B.to make C.to have made D.having made like love to do:表示具体或临时的行为5 hate +prefer doing:表示抽象或一贯的行为 注：_。eg.I should like to see you tomorrow.6 6惯用语归纳：惯用语归纳：
48、cannot help doing=cannot(help)butbut do There is no doing=It is impossible to do It is no use doing=It is ofof no use to do 类似用法：It is no good/fun/a waste of time/a great pleasure/a bore doing be worth doing=be worthyworthy ofof doing What a lovely party!Its worth _ all my life.A.remembering B.to re
49、member C.to be remembered D.being rememberedbe busy doing=be busy with sth.feel like doing=wish for doing What/How about doing?What do you say toto doing?It is useless/nice/good/interesting/expensive doing.8 8分词作状语：分词作状语：1）时间状语：eg.Climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.When seen
50、through a telescope,the sun appears darker near the edge.2）原因状语：eg.Being sick,he stayed at home.Born and bred in the countryside,he was bewildered by the big city.3）条件状语：eg.Adopting this method,we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.Turning to the right,you will find a path leading to his cot