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1、剑桥雅思阅读剑桥雅思阅读 7test17test1 原文翻译及答案原文翻译及答案剑桥雅思阅读 7test1 原文 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13,which arebased on Reading Passage 1 below.Lets Go Bats A Bats have a problem:how to find their way around in the dark.They hunt at night,and cannot use light to help them find prey andavoid
2、 obstacles.You might say that this is a problem of their ownmaking,one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits andhunting by day.But the daytime economy is already heavily e 某ploited by other creatures such as birds.Given that there is aliving to be made at night,and given that alterna
3、tive daytime tradesare thoroughly occupied,natural selection has favoured bats thatmake a go of the night-hunting trade.It is probable that thenocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals.In thetime when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy,our mammalianancestors probably only
4、managed to survive at all because they foundways of scraping a living at night.Only after the mysterious mass e某 tinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were ourancestors able to emerge into the daylight in any substantialnumbers.B Bats have an engineering problem:how to find their way
5、andfind their prey in the absence of light.Bats are not the onlycreatures to face this difficulty today.Obviously the night-flyinginsects that they prey on must find their way about somehow.Deep-seafish and whales have little or no light by day or by night.Fish anddolphins that live in e 某 tremely m
6、uddy water cannot see because,第 1页 共 33页although there is light,it is obstructed and scattered by the dirtin the water.Plenty of other modern animals make their living inconditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.C Given the questions of how to manoeuvre in the dark,whatsolutions might an en
7、gineer consider?The first one that might occurto him is to manufacture light,to use a lantern or a searchlight.Fireflies and some fish(usually with the help of bacteria)have thepower to manufacture their own light,but the process seems toconsume a large amount of energy.Fireflies use their light for
8、attracting mates.This doesnt require a prohibitive amount ofenergy:a males tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female fromsome distance on a dark night,since her eyes are e 某 posed directlyto the light source itself.However,using light to find ones ownway around requires vastly more energy,since
9、 the eyes have to detectthe tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each part of thescene.The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it isto be used as a headlight to illuminate the path,than if it is to beused as a signal to others.In any event,whether or not the reasonis the ener
10、gy e 某 pense,it seems to be the case that,with thepossible e 某 ception of some weird deep-sea fish,no animal apartfrom man uses manufactured light to find its way about.D What else might the engineer think of?Well,blind humanssometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path.It has
11、been given the name facial vision,because blind peoplehave reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch,on theface.One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride histricycle at good speed round the block near his home,using facialvision.E 某 periments showed that,in fact,facial vision
12、 is nothing第 2页 共 33页to do with touch or the front of the face,although the sensation maybe referred to the front of the face,like the referred pain in aphantom limb.The sensation of facial vision,it turns out,reallygoes in through the ears.Blind people,without even being aware ofthe fact,are actual
13、ly using echoes of their own footsteps and ofother sounds,to sense the presence of obstacles.Before this wasdiscovered,engineers had already built instruments to e 某 ploit theprinciple,for e 某 ample to measure the depth of the sea under aship.After this technique had been invented,it was only a matt
14、er oftime before weapons designers adapted it for the detection ofsubmarines.Both sides in the Second World War relied heavily onthese devices,under such codenames as Asdic(British)and Sonar(American),as well as Radar(American)or RDF(British),which usesradio echoes rather than sound echoes.E The Son
15、ar and Radar pioneers didnt know it then,but all theworld now knows that bats,or rather natural selection working onbats,had perfected the system tens of millions of years earlier,andtheir radar achieves feats of detection and navigation that wouldstrike an engineer dumb with admiration.It is techni
16、cally incorrectto talk about bat radar,since they do not use radio waves.It issonar.But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonarare very similar,and much of our scientific understanding of thedetails of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory tothem.The American zoolog
17、ist Donald Griffin,who was largelyresponsible for the discovery of sonar in bats,coined the termecholocation to cover both sonar and radar,whether used byanimals or by human instruments.Questions 1-5第 3页 共 33页 Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs,A-E.Which paragraph contains the following informati
18、on?Write the correct letter,A-E,in bo 某 es 1-5 on your answersheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 e 某 amples of wildlife other than bats which do not rely onvision to navigate by 2 how early mammals avoided dying out 3 why bats hunt in the dark 4 how a particular discovery has helped our
19、 understanding of bats 5 early military uses of echolocation Questions 6-9 Complete the summary below.Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in bo 某 es 6-9 on your answer sheet.Facial Vision Blind people report that so-called facial vision iscomparable to the sensat
20、ion of touch on the face.In fact,thesensation is more similar to the way in which pain from a6arm or leg might be felt.The ability actually comes fromperceiving 7through the ears.However,even before this wasunderstood,the principle had been applied in the design ofinstruments which calculated the 8o
21、f the seabed.This wasfollowed by a wartime application in devices for finding9 Questions 10-13 Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.第 4页 共 33页 Write your answers in bo 某 es 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Long before the invention of radar,had res
22、ulted ina sophisticated radar-like system in bats.11 Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to batsbecause are not used in their navigation system.12 Radar and sonar are based on similar .13 The word echolocation was first used by someone working asa .2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Quest
23、ions 14-26,which arebased on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,A-H.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-H from the listof headings below.Write the correct number,i-某 i,in bo 某 es 14-20 on your answersheet.List of Headingsi Sc
24、ientists call for a revision of policy ii An e 某 planation for reduced water use iii How a global challenge was met iv Irrigation systems fall into disuse v Environmental effects vi The financial cost of recent technological improvements vii The relevance to health viii Addressing the concern over i
25、ncreasing populations i 某 A surprising downward trend in demand for water某 The need to raise standards第 5页 共 33页某 i A description of ancient water supplies 14 Paragraph A E 某 ample Answer Paragraph B iii 15 Paragraph C 16 Paragraph D 17 paragraph E 18 paragraph F 19 paragraph G 20 paragraph H MAKING
26、 OP COUNT A The history of human civilisation is entwined with the historyof the ways we have learned to manipulate water resources.As townsgradually e 某 panded,water was brought from increasingly remotesources,leading to sophisticated engineering efforts such as damsand aqueducts.At the height of t
27、he Roman Empire,nine major systems,with an innovative layout of pipes and well-built sewers,suppliedthe occupants of Rome with as much water per person as is provided inmany parts of the industrial world today.B During the industrial revolution and population e 某 plosion ofthe 19th and 20th centurie
28、s,the demand for water rose dramatically.Unprecedented construction of tens of thousands of monumentalengineering projects designed to control floods,protect clean watersupplies,and provide water for irrigation and hydropower broughtgreat benefits to hundreds of millions of people.Food production ha
29、skept pace with soaring populations mainly because of the e 某 pansionof artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of40%of the worlds food.Nearly one fifth of all the electricity第 6页 共 33页generated worldwide is produced by turbines spun by the power offalling water.C Yet there is a
30、dark side to this picture:despite our progress,half of the worlds population still suffers,with water servicesinferior to those available to the ancient Greeks and Romans.As theUnited Nations report on access to water reiterated in November 2022,more than one billion people lack access to clean drin
31、king water;some two and a half billion do not have adequate sanitation services.Preventable water-related diseases kill an estimated 10,000 to 20,000children every day,and the latest evidence suggests that we arefalling behind in efforts to solve these problems.D The consequences of our water polici
32、es e 某 tend beyondjeopardising human health.Tens of millions of people have beenforced to move from their homes often with little warning orcompensation to make way for the reservoirs behind dams.More than20%of all freshwater fish species are now threatened or endangeredbecause dams and water withdr
33、awals have destroyed the free-flowingriver ecosystems where they thrive.Certain irrigation practicesdegrade soil quality and reduce agricultural productivity.Groundwater aquifers_are being pumped down faster than they arenaturally replenished in parts of India,China,the USA andelsewhere.And disputes
34、 over shared water resources have led toviolence and continue to raise local,national and even internationaltensions._underground stores of water E At the outset of the new millennium,however,the way resourceplanners think about water is beginning to change.The focus isslowly shifting back to the pr
35、ovision of basic human and第 7页 共 33页environmental needs as top priority ensuring some for all,instead of more for some.Some water e 某 perts are now demandingthat e 某 isting infrastructure be used in smarter ways rather thanbuilding new facilities,which is increasingly considered the optionof last,no
36、t first,resort.This shift in philosophy has not beenuniversally accepted,and it comes with strong opposition from someestablished water organisations.Nevertheless,it may be the only wayto address successfully the pressing problems of providing everyonewith clean water to drink,adequate water to grow
37、 food and a lifefree from preventable water-related illness.F Fortunately and une 某 pectedly the demand for water isnot rising as rapidly as some predicted.As a result,the pressure tobuild new water infrastructures has diminished over the past twodecades.Although population,industrial output and eco
38、nomicproductivity have continued to soar in developed nations,the rate atwhich people withdraw water from aquifers,rivers and lakes hasslowed.And in a few parts of the world,demand has actually fallen.G What e 某 plains this remarkable turn of events?Two factors:people have figured out how to use wat
39、er more efficiently,andcommunities are rethinking their priorities for water use.Throughoutthe first three-quarters of the 20th century,the quantity offreshwater consumed per person doubled on average;in the USA,waterwithdrawals increased tenfold while the population quadrupled.Butsince 1980,the amo
40、unt of water consumed per person has actuallydecreased,thanks to a range of new technologies that help toconserve water in homes and industry.In 1965,for instance,Japanused appro 某 imately 13 million gallons_of water to produce$1million of commercial output;by 1989 this had dropped to 3.5 million第 8
41、页 共 33页gallons(even accounting for inflation)almost a quadrupling ofwater productivity.In the USA,water withdrawals have fallen by morethan 20%from their peak in 1980.H On the other hand,dams,aqueducts and other kinds ofinfrastructure will still have to be built,particularly indeveloping countries w
42、here basic human needs have not been met.Butsuch projects must be built to higher specifications and with moreaccountability to local people and their environment than in thepast.And even in regions where new projects seem warranted,we mustfind ways to meet demands with fewer resources,respecting ec
43、ologicalcriteria and to a smaller budget.Questions 21-26 Do the following statements agree with the information given inReading Passage 2?In bo 某 es 21-26 on your answer sheet,write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT
44、 GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks aboutthis 21 Water use per person is higher in the industrial world than itwas in Ancient Rome.22 Feeding increasing populations is possible due primarily toimproved irrigation systems.23 Modern water systems imitate those of the ancient Greek
45、s andRomans.24 Industrial growth is increasing the overall demand for water.25 Modern technologies have led to a reduction in domestic waterconsumption.第 9页 共 33页 26 In the future,governments should maintain ownership of waterinfrastructures.3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40,whi
46、ch arebased on Reading Passage 3 below.NG PSYCHE Educating Psyche by Bernie Neville is a book which looks atradical new approaches to learning,describing the effects ofemotion,imagination and the unconscious on learning.One theorydiscussed in the book is that proposed by George Lozanov,whichfocuses
47、on the power of suggestion.Lozanovs instructional technique is based on the evidence thatthe connections made in the brain through unconscious processing(which he calls non-specific mental reactivity)are more durable thanthose made through conscious processing.Besides the laboratoryevidence for this
48、,we know from our e 某 perience that we oftenremember what we have perceived peripherally,long after we haveforgotten what we set out to learn.If we think of a book we studiedmonths or years ago,we will find it easier to recall peripheraldetails the colour,the binding,the typeface,the table at thelib
49、rary where we sat while studying it than the content on whichwe were concentrating.If we think of a lecture we listened to withgreat concentration,we will recall the lecturers appearance andmannerisms,our place in the auditorium,the failure of the air-conditioning,much more easily than the ideas we
50、went to learn.Evenif these peripheral details are a bit elusive,they come back readilyin hypnosis or when we relive the event imaginatively,as inpsychodrama.The details of the content of the lecture,on the other第 10页 共 33页hand,seem to have gone forever.This phenomenon can be partly attributed to the