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1、第 1 页 共 10 页广广 西西 民民 族族 大大 学学2012018 8 年年全国全国硕士研究生硕士研究生招生招生考试初试自命题科目试题考试初试自命题科目试题试卷代号：A 卷科目代码： 622科目名称：基础英语考生须知考生须知1答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题、草稿纸上无效。2答题时一律使用蓝或黑色钢笔、签字笔书写。3交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证） 。否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。一、Vocabulary, Grammar and General KnowledgeDirections: Find the ONE choice that
2、best completes the sentence.（每小题 2 分，共 30 小题，共 60 分）1. The winners of the football championship ran off the field carrying the silver cup _ .A. turbulentlyB. tremendouslyC. triumphantlyD. tentatively2. He said that they had _ been obliged to give up the scheme for lack of support.A. gravelyB. regret
3、tablyC. forciblyD. graciously3. The law on drinking and driving is _ stated.A. extravagantlyB. empiricallyC. exceptionallyD. explicitly4. Their claims to damages have not been convincingly _.A. refutedB. overwhelmedC. depressedD. intimidated5. Please dont _ too much on the painful memories.Everythin
4、g will be all right.A. hesitateB. lingerC. retainD. dwell6. In todays medical, little agreement exists on the _for defining mental illness.A. legislationB. requirementC. criteriaD. measures7. The lady in this strange tale very obviously suffers from a serious mental illness. Her plotagainst a comple
5、tely innocent old man is a clear sign of_.A. impulseB. insanityC. inspirationD. disposition8. The Prime Minister was followed by five or six _ when he got off the plane.A. laymenB. servantsC. directorsD. attendants9. There is no doubt that the _ of these goods to the others is easy to see.A. prestig
6、eB. superiorityC. priorityD. publicity10.All the guests were invited to attend the wedding _ and had a very good time.A. feastB. congratulationsC. festivalD. recreation11. Lucy _ going back to school since she saved enough money, but she hasnt decidedyet.A. consideredB. had consideredC. is going to
7、considerD. has been considering12. I am surprised _ the exam is pretty difficult.A. with what you were thinkingB. that you should thinkC. that you would thinkD. by what you are thinking13. It is imperative that you _ you resignation before Friday.A. handed inB. would hand inC. hand inD. have to hand
8、 in14. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A. The car runs twice faster than that truck.第 2 页 共 10 页B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.C. Rebecca has three times the strength of Lily.D. The coat is sold at double the usual price.15. Engines are to machines _ hearts are to an
9、imals.A. thatB. whichC. whenD. what16. In doing experiments, you must be _ the precision instruments.A. more than careful withB. more careful than withC. careful more than withD. with more careful than17. Little _ what was upsetting me.A. may he realizeB. he realizesC. he may realizeD. did he realiz
10、e18. _ more attention, the trees could have grown better.A. Being givenB. GivenC. To giveD. Giving19. Many an elderly man _ willing to continue working after retirement so that time canbe easily killed.A. isB. areC. wereD. be20. Its no good _ her. She is such a miser that she wont spare a penny out.
11、A. to turn toB. turning toC. turn toD. turned to21. _ is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds andprovides methods for their description, classification and transportation.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhonemeD. Phonetic typology22. Which of the following are rega
12、rded as Shakespeares four great tragedies?A. Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, Othello, King LearB. Romeo and Juliet, hamlet, Othello, MacbethC. Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, MacbethD. Romeo and Juliet, Othello, Macbeth, Timon of Athens23. William Wordsworth is generally known as a _ poet.A. romanticB. realis
13、ticC. naturalisticD. neo-classic24. Charles Dickens wrote all of the following except _.A. Oliver TwistB. David CopperfieldC. A Tale of Two CitiesD. Heart of Darkness25. British prime minister normally serves a _ term.A. two-yearB. five-yearC. four-yearD. six-year26. _ is sometimes called the birthp
14、lace ofAmerica.A. New EnglandB. the SouthC. the WestD. the Midwest27. Semantics is the study of _.A. linguistic competenceB. language functionsC. meaningsD. social behavior28. Which of the following is not generally believed to be area of linguistics?A. syntaxB. semanticsC. phonologyD. etiology29. T
15、G grammar was advanced by_.A. SearleB. WhorfC. HallidayD. Noam Chomsky30. The morpheme “scope” in the common word “telescope” is a(n) _.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme二、ClozeDirections: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four
16、第 3 页 共 10 页choices marked A，B，C and D .You should choose the ONE that best fits into thepassage.（每小题 1.5 分，共 20 小题，共 30 分）Our society seems to be gripped with an idea that the media plays a substantial role in theattitudes, behavior and fitness of youth today. If a child beats another child to deat
17、h with awrench or shoots a classmate, it is the1TV programs which they watch that areto2, not the parents or the supervisors who are3to be there to make suretheir kids do the right thing.As clich as it may4, it has been rightly said all things have their good as well asbad5. In the similar6media als
18、o has its good as well as bad influence onyouth. Well these were the negative influence of media on youth. Now we focus onthe7aspects of media.Media plays a very important role in creating8. There are certain issues whichremain9among youngsters as they feel guarded concerning it. Media helps inprovi
19、ding information regarding such topics. There are many such topics that are10bythe media. The current one that can be talked about is the quota system in colleges. Mediacreated awareness that how11was being done with12candidates due toreservations in colleges. There was13taken out by students in ord
20、er toobject14this bias discrimination.Media being one of the important means to15to the masses and influence theirthinking and decision making, only to the positive media cannot attract16of themasses, and to17viewership, negative media has to be18to balance out andattract the masses, but a19has to b
21、e drawn between the positive and the negativemedia in the20of the younger generation.1.A vastB bewilderingC overwhelmingD violent2.A functionB blameC condemnD impair3.A obligedB supposedC temptedD doomed4.A allegeB claimC soundD prove5.A effectsB aspectsC indicatorsD attributes6.A methodB tokenC ten
22、dencyD conduct7.A alternativeB tentativeC primitiveD affirmative8.A awarenessB illusionC expectationD sentiment9.A untouchedB unimaginableC unexplainedD unavailable10.A ignoredB consideredC highlightedD discarded11.A prejudiceB inconsistencyC injusticeD distrust12.A potentialB deservingC ambitiousD
23、eloquent13.A processionB collisionC indignationD friction14.A versusB despiteC beyondD regarding15.A level outB get outC reach outD make out16.A attentionB alertC concernD intention17.A magnifyB expectC expandD gain18.A mobilizedB assignedC mergedD incorporated19.A comparisonB distinctionC lineD bar
24、rier20. A benefitB interestC profitD advantage三、Reading Comprehension（每小题 2 分，共 20 小题，共 40 分）第 4 页 共 10 页PASSAGEPASSAGE ONEONEIf you found yourself in a cocktail bar with a Neanderthal man, what would he say? Agood conversation is one of the great joys of being human, but it is not clear just how fa
25、r backin the hominid lineage the ability to use language stretches. The question of when grunts andyelps turned into words and phrases is a tricky one. One way of trying to answer it is to lookin the fossil record for evidence about what modern humanitys closest relatives could do.Svante Pbo, of the
26、 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, andhis colleagues have done just that. Dr Pbo is an expert in extracting and interpreting theDNA of fossils. As he reports in the latest issue of Current Biology, he and his team haveworked their magic on a gene called FOXP2 found in Ne
27、anderthal remains from northernSpain. The reason for picking this particular gene is that it is the only one known so far tohave a direct connection with speech. In 1990, a family with an inherited speech disorderknown as verbal dyspraxia drew the attention of genetics researchers. Those researchers
28、identified a mutation in FOXP2 as the cause of the dyspraxia.Since then FOXP2 has been the subject of intensive study. It has been linked to theproduction of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice. It is a conservative type, notchanging much from species to species. But it has undergone two cha
29、nges since humans splitfrom chimpanzees 6m years ago, and some researchers believe these changes played a crucialrole in the development of speech and language.If these changes are common to modern humans and Neanderthals, they must predate theseparation of the line leading to Homo sapiens from the
30、one leading to Homoneanderthalensis. Dr Pbos research suggests precisely that: the FOXP2 genes from modernhumans and Neanderthals are essentially the same. To the extent that the gene enableslanguage, it enables it in both species.There has been much speculation about Neanderthals ability to speak.
31、They wereendowed with a hyoid bone, which anchors the tongue and allows a wide variety ofmovements of the larynx. Neanderthal skulls also show evidence of a large hypoglossal canal.This is the route taken by the nerves that supply the tongue. As such, it is a requisite for theexquisitely complex mov
32、ements of speech. Moreover, the inner-ear structure of Homoheidelbergensis, an ancestor of Neanderthals, shows that this species was highly sensitive tothe frequencies of sound that are associated with speech.That Neanderthals also shared with moderns the single known genetic component ofspeech is a
33、nother clue that they possessed the necessary apparatus for having a good natter.But suggestive as that is, the question remains open. FOXP2 is almost certainly not “thelanguage gene”. Without doubt, it is involved in the control and regulation of the motions ofspeech, but whether it plays a role in
34、 the cognitive processes that must precede talkingremains unclearjokes about engaging brain before putting mouth in gear notwithstanding.The idea that the forebears of modern humans could talk would scupper the notion thatlanguage was the force that created modern human cultureotherwise, why would t
35、hey nothave built civilizations? But it would make that chat with a Neanderthal much moreinteresting.1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Neanderthal men?A they are derived from a branch of early Neanderthals called Homo heidelbergensis.B they are existent descendant of Homo neand
36、erthalensis.C they are Homo sapienss closest relatives.D they are officially named Homo neanderthalensis in the academic circle.第 5 页 共 10 页2. Svante Pbo and his team carried out a study on FOXP2 in order to_A trace the appearance and evolution of the speech ability.B find out how far back in the ho
37、minid lineage the ability to use language stretches.C find evidence proving the gene which controls the motion of speech.D identify the crucial changes that had taken place on this gene and the consequentinfluence.3. The gene of FOXP2 is regarded as a gene with a direct connection with speechbecause
38、_A it was found in Neanderthal remains from northern Spain.B it was found that sudden change of FOXP2 may lead to speech disorder.C it was linked to the production of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice.D it does not change much from species to species.4.The word “scupper” (Line 7, Paragraph
39、 6) most probably means _A deny.B defeat.C demolish.D destory.5. From the findings of Dr Pbos research it may be inferred that_A FOXP2 is the gene that enables the speech ability in both humans and Neanderthals.B the fork separating the line leading to Homo sapiens from that to Homoneanderthalensis
40、is wrong.C more important genes should be identified which control speech ability and cognitiveprocess.D the establishment of human civilization as a result of language ability might be false.PASSAGEPASSAGE TWOTWOBerkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovationmovemen
41、t basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of theanti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One ofthem, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley,observes with a smile that “this is
42、the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love.”Mr Chesbroughs two books “Open Innovation” and “Open Business Models” havepopularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept ofopen innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has becomedecr
43、easingly relevant. Most ideas dont come from there.To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohiowhich is about as far removed culturally fromBerkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G,historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the compan
44、y thatbrought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovationprocess, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products.It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and out
45、side inventors. It also offersthem a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion ofnew-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half.That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr Lafley, is the main reason why P&G hasb
46、een able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion.The company now has a market capitalization of over $200 billion.IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. Theonce-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Li
47、nux, an open-source第 6 页 共 10 页software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”,yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering themfor itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas,
48、 such asadvanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees.Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentiallyat no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money byproviding its clients with servi
49、ces that support the use of Linuxand charging them for it.Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn,until recently the firms head of research. The company is so committed to openness that itnow carries out occasional “online jam sessions” during which tens
50、of thousands of itsemployees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming.Mr Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples offirms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products,an industrial gases company. Mr Chesbrough reckons t