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1、官方网站:优路考研公众号-1-2022 年研究生全国统一考试年研究生全国统一考试英语英语二试题二试题SectionSectionI IUseUse ofof EnglishEnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Harlan Coben believe that if you are a writer,you will fill the time,and th
2、at if you cant find thetime,the writing isnt priority and you are not a writer.For him,writing is a_1 job like any other Hehas2it with plumbing,pointing out that a plumber doesnt wake up and say that he can t workwith pipes today.3 like most writers these days,youre holding down a job to pay the bil
3、ls,its not 4 to find thetime to write.But its not impossible.It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that mostbest selling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living.And today,even writers who are fairly 6 often have to do other work to 7 their writing income.
4、As Harlan Coben has suggested its a 8 of priorities To make writing a priority,youll have to9.Some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy.Depending on your 10 andyour lifestyle.that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music,thoughsome people can
5、write 11 they listen to music.You might have to 12 the amount of exercise orsport you do.Youll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily,time-consuming 14.Therell probably have to be less socialising with your friends and less time with your family.Its 15learning curve,and it wont
6、 always make you popular.Theres just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for 16 your writing andthats reading.Any write needs to read as mach and as widely as they can.Its the one 17supporter something you cant do without.Time is finite.The older you yet,the 18 it seems to go.We need
7、 to use it as carefully and as19 as we can.That means prioritising out activities so that we spend most time on the things wereally want to do.If you are a writer.that means 20 writing.1.A.difficultB.normalC.steadyD.pleasant2.A combinedB.comparedC.confusedD.confronted3.A.IfB.toughC.OnceD.unless4.A.E
8、noughB.strangeC.wrongD.easy5.A.acceptB.explainC.rememberD.suppose6.A.Well-knownB.well-advisedC.well-informedD.well-chosen7.A.donateB.generateC.supplementD.calculate8.A.causeB.purposeC.questionD.condition官方网站:优路考研公众号-2-2-9.A.highlightB.sacrificeC.continueD.explore10.A.relationsB.interestsC.memoriesD.
9、skills11.A.untilB.becauseC.whileD.before12.A.put up withB.make up forC.hang on toD.cut down on13.A.intelligentB.OccasionalC.intensiveD.emotional14.A.habitB.testC.decisionD.plan15.A.toughB.gentleC.rapidD.funny16.A.in place ofB.in charge ofC.in response toD.in addition to17.A.indispensableB.innovative
10、C.invisibleD.instant18.A.dullerB.harderC.quieterD.quicker19.A.peacefullyB.generouslyC.productivelyD.gratefully20.A.at mostB.in turnC.on averageD.above all参考答案参考答案 1-51-5 BBBDCBBBDC6-106-10 ACBBCACBBC11-1511-15 DBAADBAA16-2016-20 DABCDDABCDSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the fol
11、lowing four texts.Answer the questions below each teat by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1On a recent sunny day,13,000 chickens roam over Larry Browns 40 windswept acres inShiner,Texas.Some rest in the shade of a parked car.Others drink water with the cows.
12、This allseems random,but its by design,part of what the$6.1 billion U.S.egg industry bets will be itsnext big thing:climate-friendly eggs.These eggs,which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as$8 a dozen,are stilllabeled organic and animal-friendly,but they re also from birds that live
13、 on farms usingregenerative agriculturespecial techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases.Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“Im excited about our progress,”says Brown,who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFreshEggs and is adding more cover crops t
14、hat draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat.Thebirds waste then fertilizes fields.Such improvements“allow our hens to forage for higher-quality官方网站:优路考研公众号-3-3-natural feed that will be good for the land,the hens,and the eggs that we supply to ourcustomers.”The egg industrys push is the firs
15、t major test of whether animal products from regenerativefarms can become the next premium offering.In barely more than a decade,organic eggs wentfrom being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart.Morerecently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant
16、-based meats,but both haveexploded into major supermarket categories.If the sustainable-egg rollout is successful,it couldopen the floodgates for regenerative beef,broccoli,and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell,because the concept is tough to define quickly,says Julie Stanton,associa
17、te professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State UniversityBrandywine.Such farming also brings minimal,if any,improvement to the food products(thoughsome producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as
18、free-range,non-GMO,and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability.Surveys show thatyounger generations are more concerned about climate change,and some of the success ofplant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect theenvironment.Young adults“really ca
19、re about the planet,”says John Brunnquell,president of EggInnovations.“They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even theyunderstand what theyre doing.”21.the climate-friendly eggs are produced.A.at a considerably low cost.B.at the demand of regular shoppers.C.as a replacement
20、for organic eggs.D.on specially designed forms.22.Larry Brown is excited about bis progress in.A.reducing the damage of worms.B.accelerating the disposal of uses.C.Creating a sustainable system.D.attracting customers to his product.23.The example of organic eggs is asked in the paragraph 4 to sugges
21、t.A.the doubts to over natural feeds.B.The setbacks in the eggs industry.C.the potential of regenerative products.D.the promotional success of super markets.24.I can be learned from the last paragraph that young people.A.are reluctant to change their die.官方网站:优路考研公众号-4-4-B.are likely to buy climate-
22、friendly eggs.C.are curious about new foods.D.are amazed at agricultural advances.25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products.A.markets prospectsB.nutritional valueC.market prospectD.moral implications参考答案参考答案 DCCBAText 2More Americans are opting to work well into
23、 retirement,a growing trend that threatens toupend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to preparefor a longer life,according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade.Even more surprising is that more than half of“u
24、nretirees”those who plan to work in retirementor went back to work after retiring said they would be employed in their later years even if theyhad enough money to settle down,the survey showed.Financial needs arent the only culprit for the“unretirement”trend.Other reasons,according to thestudy,inclu
25、de personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit,preventing boredom or avoidingdepression.“The concept of retirement is evolving,”said Christine Russell,senior manager of retirement atTD Ameritrade.“Its not just about finances.The value of work is also driving folks to continueworking past retir
26、ement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns:Americans are living longer.The share of thepopulation 65 and older was 16%in 2018,up 3.2%from the prior year,according to the U.S.Census Bureau.Thats also up 30.2%since 2010.Because of longer life spans,Americans are also boosting their saving
27、s to preserve their nest eggs,the TD Ameritrade study showed,which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to 79.Six in 10“unretirees”are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life,according to the survey.Among the most popular ways they are doing this,the company said,is by reducing their o
28、verallexpenses,securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts.Unfortunately,many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do sobecause they are worried about making ends meet in their later years,said Brent Weiss,a官方网站:优路考研公众号-5-5-co-founder at B
29、altimore-based financial-planning firm Facet Wealth.He suggested that preretireesshould speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married,starting a family and ultimatelyretiring,”Weiss said.“Its not just a financial decision,bu
30、t an emotional one.Many people believethey cant retire.”26.The survey conducted by Harris Pall indicates that.A.over half of the retirees are physically fit for workB.the old workforce is as active as the younger oneC.one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirementD.more Americans are willing to wor
31、k in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americas tend to think that.A.retirement may case problem is for themB.boredom can be relieved after retirementC.the mental health of retirees is overlookedD.unretirementcontributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly du
32、e toA.labor shortagesB.population growthC.longer life expectancyD.raising living costs29.Many retires are increasing their savings byA.investing more in stocksB.taking up odd jobsC.getting well-paid workD.spending less30.With regard to retirement,Brent Weiss thinks that many people areA.unpreparedB.
33、unafraidC.disappointedD.enthusiastic参考答案参考答案 DACDAText 3We have all encountered them,in both our personal and professional lives.Think about the timesyou felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless signup process官方网站:优路考研公众号-6-6-but was later difficult to cancel.So
34、mething that should be simple and transparent can becomplicated,intentionally or unintentionally,in ways that impair consumer choice.These areexamples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull,“dark patterns”is a catch-all term forpractices that manipulate user i
35、nterfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users.On darkpatterns.org,Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns,ranging from misdirection andhidden costs to“roach motel,”where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start,butturns difficult when the user tries to get o
36、ut.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000websites,researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices.Though widelyprevalent,the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood.Business and nonprofit leadersshould be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gra
37、y areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical,persuasive design and dark patterns?Businesses should engage inconversations with IT,compliance,risk,and legal teams to review their privacy policy,and includein the discussion the customer/user experience designers and coders responsible for t
38、he companysuser interface,as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups,checkout baskets,pricing,and promotions.Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding“digitaldeception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patte
39、rns,mostrecently at the state level.In March,the California Attorney General announced the approval ofadditional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act(CCPA)that“ensure thatconsumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.”Theregulations aim
40、to ban dark patterns this means prohibiting companies from using confusinglanguage or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen toreasons why they shouldnt opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations,there is a need for greateraccount
41、ability from within the business community.Dark patterns also can be addressed on aself-regulatory basis,but only if organizations hold themselves accountable,not just to legalrequirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark
42、patterns.A.improve user experiencesB.leak users information for profitC.undermine users decision-makingD.remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to showA.their major flawsB.their complex designs官方网站:优路考研公众号-7-7-C.their severe damageD.their strong presence33.To han
43、dle digital deception,businesses shouldA.listen to customers feedbackB.talk with relevant teamsC.turn to independent agenciesD.rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to.A.guide users through opt-out processesB.protect consumers from being trickedC.gran
44、t companies data privacy rightsD.restrict access to problematic contents35.According to the last paragraph,a key to coping with dark patterns is.A.new legal requirementsB.businesses self-disciplineC.strict regulatory standardsD.consumers safety awareness参考答案参考答案 CDBBBText 4Although ethics classes ar
45、e common around the world,scientists are unsure if their lessons canactually change behavior;evidence either way is weak,relying on contrived laboratory tests orsometimes unreliable self-reports.But a new study published in Cognition found that,in at leastone real-world situation,a single ethics les
46、son may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class sessions impact on eating meat.They chose this particularbehavior for three reasons,according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel,a philosopher at theUniversity of California,Riverside:students attitudes on the topic are variab
47、le and unstable,behavior is easily measurable,and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is goodbecause it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering.Half of the students in four largephilosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat,optionally watched an11
48、-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion.The other half focused oncharitable giving instead.Then,unbeknownst to the students,the researchers studied theiranonymized meal-card purchases for that semesternearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.“Its an awesome data set,”says
49、Nina Strohminger,a psychologist who teaches business ethics atthe University of Pennsylvania and was not involved in the study.官方网站:优路考研公众号-8-8-Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect;he had previously found that ethicsprofessors do not differ from other professors on a range of
50、 behaviors,including voting rates,blooddonation and returning library books.But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics,mealpurchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percentand this effect held steady for thestudys duration of several weeks.Purchases from the other group remained at