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1、商务英语翻译教程,College Business English A Course for Translation,从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看， 他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一个翻译。这门课就围绕这两方面来进行。 说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理。 也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的。如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的。相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者。 而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还涉及到很多商贸知识。,翻译理论,在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的越人歌，迄今大约有2500年的历史
2、，对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准。 翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程。 国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放。,信、达、雅”。 1898年，严复在天演论的译例言中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准。 用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。,“功能对等”。 “功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（Eugene A . Nida）博
3、士提出的。在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大。他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。,综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等。 说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里。,一.翻译的概念 .关于翻译的几种定义 翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)-林语堂翻译论 翻译是一门科学-董秋斯 Translation c
4、onsists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金奈达,.广义的翻译是指语言与语言，语言变体与语言变体，语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达 .狭义的翻译是一种语言活动，是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来,二.翻译的分类 .按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为： 语内翻译（intralingual transla
5、tion)：同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译 语际翻译（interlingual translation）：不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译的研究对象 语符翻译（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符号解释文字符号 .按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类,next,exercise,.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译 .按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为 文学翻译（literary translation)：包括诗歌，小说，戏剧等文学作品的翻译，着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达 实用翻译(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商务，公文等资料的
6、翻译，着重实际内容的表达,三.翻译的过程 翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合翻译的关键在于对原文的理解，要真正理解原文，译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识，并熟知英汉两种文化知识，否则译者就不能真正理解，从而产生误差 例：Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告） 不能打败真正的商品 挡不住的诱惑！,next,后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来，能达到打动消费者的目的 表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度理解原文不是易事，表达亦然 例：As we obtained a
7、 clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我们获得了清洁提单，所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好，且被安放的井井有条由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔 我方已获得清洁提单一张，贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好，因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔,四.翻译的方法 .直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法 .所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语，语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法
8、例：Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具，而只是将它视为经济因素，风险，潜力的衍生物,See more,next,.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容 During Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspans nearly 20
9、 years as the world most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991. 格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人，在其近年的任期中，美国仅在年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条 本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上，将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合，更加符合汉语的表达习惯,讨论翻译的概念，分类，过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点 将下列汉语译成英语： .语内翻译 .语际翻译 .语符
10、翻译 .文学翻译 .实用翻译 .功能对等 .机器翻译 .目的语 .源语,三结合直译和意译两种翻译方法，将下列英语译成汉语： .Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language. 2.A translation should give a complete transcript of the same character as that of the original.
11、A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.,3. Automatic package has been adopted into production of almost every industry. 4.A compensation package often includes a base salary, an annual bonus and some other extra rewards and benefits. 5. A packaged service called Trade Web
12、 costs companies less than 1,000a year to join. It is so cheap that 3,000 small suppliers have signed up with the operator. 6.The through quality management is apparent not just in the products, but also in the system through a self-check system and tracebility at each stage of production from the g
13、reenhouse to the table.,译者应具备的能力,翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容。 扎实的语法功底 外语水平能力 母语水平能力 知识水平能力商务英语专业行话 术语 应用水平能力 只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平,翻译的特点之一,语言、文化、思维差异往往造成不同民族语言使用者所用的语言具有不可对应的表达形式。,to go to sleep to be no more to lay down ones life to die martyr to expire to pass away to end ones day to breath ones
14、last to go west to come to a violent death to give up to the ghost,to kick the bucket to kick ones heel to abandon the world to pay the debt of nature to departure to the world of shadows to pass over to the great beyond to go to the glory to return to dust to join the choir invisible to release sou
15、ls from suffering to go to the Nirvana to demise,翻译的特点之二,不同民族的文化影响其语言的使用和表达，其文化渗透于日常用语之中，如颜色词的文化内涵等。,1）Im feeling blue today. 2) That man who makes the air blue is capable of anything. 3) He is the black sheep of the family. 4) She began to cry when the black tidings reached her. 5) The young man is
16、 a green hand in doing this work. 6) The thief was caught red-handed. 7) When we started to criticize her work, she saw red.,8) Everything is black-and-white to Bill; if youre not his friend, you are his enemy. 9) The car we bought last year was a white elephant. 10) Don be yellow dogs. 11) The yell
17、ow journal you referred to should be banned.（,1）Im feeling blue today. 2) That man who makes the air blue is capable of anything. 诅咒 3) He is the black sheep of the family. 4) She began to cry when the black tidings reached her. （噩耗 ） 5) The young man is a green hand in doing this work. （生手） 6) The
18、thief was caught red-handed. （现行） 7) When we started to criticize her work, she saw red. （发火）,8) Everything is black-and-white to Bill; if youre not his friend, you are his enemy.（白纸黑字） 9) The car we bought last year was a white elephant. （累赘之物 ） 10) Don be yellow dogs.（卑鄙的人 ） 11) The yellow journal
19、 you referred to should be banned.（色情的）,翻译的特点之三,词的多义性与搭配能力,rain clouds crops wine news road sea heart fire smoker bread wire load storm traffic,heavy,knife rebuke sword work temper boy Pin trader Angle ears edge turn peak flavor words smell feature nose curve watch cry voice desire pain,sharp,一词多义与上
20、下文,： 1 事件、事情、情况、情形等 This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. It is quite another story now. 2 报道、消息、电讯等 Last December, the Post first reported probes were being made in wade of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. 3 内情、内容、真相等 Some reporters who were not
21、included in the session broke the story.,一词多义与上下文,4 传说、说法等 Hell be very happy if that story holds up. 5 热门、有意的渲染、谎言等 The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television. 6 身世、遭遇等 The Rita Hayworth story is one of the saddest.,一词多义与上下文,7 情节、案情等 young man came to Sc
22、ottis office with a story. ,Translation Practice,The three men sat down facing each other and began their casual chat. 2. They usually go to bed early, especially on school nights . 3. I buried my head under the miserable sheet and the rug, and cried like a child.,4.The old man lay all night on his
23、sleepless bed .,5. He spent an anxious day in the lockup. 6. All these things were distressful memories to her. 7. The thief made a trembling confession of his wrongdoings,8.The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheering ring around the two men,9. Lying on the sea, I enjoyed the clean voluptuousne
24、ss of the warm breaze on my skin and the cool asupport of water. 10. The fan, with its modern, elegant, bright, and harmoniously colored design, is an electrical household applicance for cooling purpose on hot summer days.,翻译技巧,什么是翻译中的词性转换？,在翻译中，将原文中的某一词类转换为译文的另一词类，如在英译汉中，将英语的名词译成汉语的动词，将英语的形容词译成汉语的副
25、词等，这就叫做词性转换。,为什么要转换词性？,采用词性转换方法的根源在于中英文的巨大差异。比方英语倾向名词化，而汉语倾向动词化。英语中对冠词的使用很严格，而中文则少用冠词。,怎么样转换词性？,技巧：汉语动词转化为英语名词 医生建议我多锻炼一些。The doctor gave me some advice of doing more exercise 一定要少说空话，多做工作。There must be less empty talk and more hard work,技巧：汉语动词译为英语介词或介词 短语 英语中介词数量多，搭配灵活，意义丰富。有些英语介词是由动词演变而来的，具有动词特征。
26、,技巧：汉语动词译为英语介词或介词 短语 他到商店去买酱油。He went to the shop for a bottle of sauce. 她漂亮得无法形容。Her beauty is beyond word.,技巧：英语介词译为汉语动词 This machine is out of repair 这台机器失修了。 The plane crushed out of control 这架飞机失控坠毁了。,技巧：英语名词译为汉语动词 We find it a necessity to change the countrys economic developing pattern. 我们发现必
27、须要改变国家的经济发展模式。 There is big increase in demand for fossil fuel in the transportation industry. 运输业对化石燃料的需求大大增加了。,技巧：英语名词译为汉语形容词 The paleness on her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她那时的情绪。 The blockade was a success. 封锁很成功。 Independence of thinking is an absolute
28、 necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必要的。,技巧：英语副词译为汉语动词 As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时， 连鞋子都忘了穿。 After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究后，他们发现这个设计落后了。,The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity. There is conside
29、rable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality. The board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter. The firm has a large business connection.,There is a large attendance at the Fair. Withdraw of offer Revocation of offer Termination of offer Without his consent or
30、 confirmation She is a real beauty. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,We find difficulty in solving this problem. It is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously. The blockade was a success.,翻译中的肯定否定转换,英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异，尤其在表达否定概念上，英语在用词、语法和
31、逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同。有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式，而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式。翻译时要灵活转换，才能准确翻译。,技巧：英语肯定，汉语否定 more than can结构 The beauty of the park is more than words can describe. 这个公园美得无法形容。 She never does more work than she can help. 能不做的事情，她是绝对不做的。,技巧：英语肯定，汉语否定 anything but结构 He is anything but a scholar. 他绝对不是一个学者
32、。 The wood bridge is anything but safe. 那座木桥一点也不安全。,具有否定意义的动词,miss（错过，即没有碰到） deny（拒绝，即没有答应） lack（缺乏，即不足） escape（逃避，即没有被发现） reject（拒绝，即没有答应） decline（拒绝，即没有答应） doubt（怀疑，即不太确信） wonder（想知道，即不明白） exclude（排除，即没有接受，不包括）,具有否定意义的动词短语,give up（放弃，即没有坚持） keep up with（不落后于） savefrom（使不） not to mention（更不用说） prot
33、ect(keep, prevent)from（不让） keep off（不接近） keep out（不让进入） turn a deaf ear to（不听，不顾） live up to（不辜负） keepdark（不把说出去）等,技巧：否定凸显 The specification lacks detail. 这份说明书不够详尽。 My husband missed the last bus, so he had to go back home on foot. 丈夫没赶上末班公共汽车，所以只好步行回家。 Please keep the news dark. 请不要把这个消息说出去。,具有否定意
34、义的名词,neglect（没有注意到） failure（失败，即没有完成） refusal（拒绝，即否认，没有答应） absence（不在，缺少） shortage（不足） loss（没有）lack（缺乏，没有） negation（拒绝，即否认,技巧：否定凸显 We cannot finish the peace process in the absence of the warring countries. 参战国都不参与的情况下，我们无法完成和平进程。,具有否定意义的形容词或者形容词短语,far from（远不，一点也不） free from（不受影响） safe from（免于） sho
35、rt of（缺少，不足） ignorant of（不知道，没有注意到） independent of（不受的支配） foreign to（不适合，与无关） blind to（看不见）,技巧：否定凸显 The newspaper accounts are far from being true. 报纸的报道远非事实。 You are the last woman Ill propse to. 我是打死都不会向你求婚的。,具有否定意义的介词或者介词短语,beyond（超出） but for（要不是） in spite of（不管） against（不同意） before（还没有就） but（除之外
36、） except（除之外） from（阻止，使不做某事） within（不超出） out of the question（不可能）,技巧：否定凸显 It all happened before I got a close look. 我还没看清，事情就发生了。 Mr. Thompson was above reproach. 汤普森先生是无可指责的。 Her beauty is beyond words. 她的美丽是语言无法描述的。,祈使句中的否定,技巧：反说正译 No smoking!严禁吸烟No deposit will be refunded unless ticket produced
37、.凭票退还押金。Dont hesitate to ask any questions. 请大家积极发问。,翻译中的主被动转换,英汉被动语态的不同 汉语 多样化 借助词汇手段 英语 形式固定 借助语法手段,技巧：转换主被动，主宾位置颠倒 He was given a good beating by Tom. 汤姆痛揍了他一顿。 Only a small portion of solar energy is now being used by us. 现在我们只能利用一小部分太阳能。,技巧：主被动转换，适当添加不确定主语 “人们”、“大家”、“有人”等 The issue has not yet
38、been thoroughly explored. 人们对这一问题迄今尚未进行过彻底的探索。 She was seen to enter the building about the time the crime was committed. 有人看见她大致在案发时进入了那座建筑物。 What we say here will not be long remembered. 我们在这里所讲的话，人们不会长久记住。,技巧：常用被动句型 “It+被动语态+that”的翻译 It is hoped that. 希望，有人希望 It is assumed that. 假设，假定 It is belie
39、ved that. 有人想信，大家相信 It is reported that. 据报道，据通报 It is considered that. 人们认为，据估计,It is said that. 据说，有人说 It is supposed that. 据推测，人们猜测 It is rumored that. 听说，谣传 It is noticed that. 有人指出，人们注意到,It is suggested that. 有人建议，建议 It is reputed that. 人们认为，可以认为 It is estimated that. 据估计，有人估计 It is proposed th
40、at. 有人提出 It was told that. 有人曾经说,什么是翻译中的虚实转换？,英汉互译中，为了行文的流畅与表达的准确，常常要把具体事物抽象化，或是把抽象概念具体化，这就是所谓的虚实转换。,如何进行虚实转换？,技巧：英语抽象词汇具体化 I am meant to be special, just like you wanted. 我生来就注定出人头地|像你希望的一样 I can be anything. 我的将来无可限量。 He is a disappointment. 他是个让人失望的人。,技巧：英语抽象词汇具体化Tell me, do our years together me
41、an nothing? 难道我们多年的厮守就这样一钱不值吗？ Hes an influence for good in the town. 他是这城里影响他人行善的人。 Have you read any humour recently? 近来你读了什么幽默作品吗？,技巧：英语具体词汇抽象化 英语中成语，谚语与熟语等民族性习惯表达法多用具象概念来传递抽象概念。在翻译时，常常要舍弃其具体形象，而保留其意义。,技巧：英语具体词汇抽象化 He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. 欲加其罪，何患无辞。 When I me
42、t you, I finally felt like I was part of something. 遇到你之后,我终于有了归属感 She was born with a silver spoon in her mouth. 她生长在富贵之家。,人称代词的省略 英语冠词的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火红的太阳沉入地平线。 增减法增词法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一个美国军官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。减词法Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗？
43、,翻译中的省略, 增减,Dont put your hands in your pocket. I am afraid she will come. We had much rain last summer. We live and learn. They say he is a genius. Give him an inch and hell take an ell. Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume. The average American changes his or her job nine or t
44、en times during his or her working life.,In most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer. It is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is inconsistent with the
45、terms provided on the contract. The atom is the smallest particle of an element. Go into the garden and give an eye to the children. He has an eye for beauty. Please give me the letter you received yesterday.,She is quite a beauty. He is the man I want to see. Take the medicine. The dean had a lot o
46、f work to do before the meeting. Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. I could knit when I was seven.,Steel and iron products are often coat
47、ed lest they should rust. Air is a mixture of gases. Things in the universe are changing all the time. The design is considered practical. Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. This is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.,Our railway system is being improved. The
48、lion is the king of the animals. Reports of new successes keep pouring in. Studies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability. At the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. He is queer.,Arrangements have been made to give the foreig
49、n guests a warm welcome. Where was his smile and hearty hand grasp. Once you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out. He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold. There are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.,It seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon. He believes it necess