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1、健康环保类阅读 专项训练一、Human activity has shrunk the size of wild animals the world over, and yet recent research has found many mammals(哺乳动物) living near cities have become steadily larger, both in length and in weight.“That wasnt what we expected to find at all,” says Robert Guralnick, who studies biodiver
2、sity informatics at the Florida Museum. Expanding urban environments grow much hotter than natural habitats, and warmer temperatures usually benefit mammals that have a smaller, more energy-saving figure- a principle of biology known as Bergmanns rule.As the world grows warmer, some scientists have
3、worried that mammals living near cities are supposed to grow smaller, possibly reducing their fitness as a species and, no doubt, the fitness of being hunters, too. But even with climate change, that might not happen. As it turns out, theres another factor in determining a mammals size that might co
4、mpete with or even go beyond temperature, and that is food.In and around cities with large populations, where high-energy human foods are more widely available and hunters are fewer and farther. New research discovered that most of the mammal species appear to be growing in size, not shrinking. Acco
5、rding to careful measurements of more than 100 species from North America, gathered from museum collections over the past 80 years, the main reason is not a citys temperature. Instead, the greatest increases in weight and body length appear to lie among those mammals that live near the most humans,
6、regardless of how hot their surroundings are.As climate change grows worse, there is, of course, the possibility that that might change, but at least for now, it seems that wolves, deer, bats, and other mammals in North America could be affected more by city populations than city climates.If we want
7、 to preserve the mammals that exist today for the future, its important that we know how human civilization is shaping their size, behavior, and well-being. In a rapidly changing world, that knowledge could mean the difference between ongoing life and dying out.1.What finding does Robert Guralnick c
8、onsider surprising?A.Urban environments are hotter than nature.B.The animals in natural habitats become smaller.C.Many mammals grow against Bergmanns rule.D.City temperatures cause animals to shrink in size2.Why do many mammals living near cities grow in size?A.They are well taken care of by zoo kee
9、pers.B.They have more foods and fewer threats.C.They are comfortable in warmer climates.D.They can easily hunt wild animals for food.3.What are we advised to do to protect the existing mammals?A.Provide healthy food to surrounding mammalsB.Limit the population in cities to a small number.C.Know how
10、human civilization affects mammals.D.Help the mammals adjust to the changing climate.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A.Human Activity Has Shrunk the Size of AnimalsB.Global Warming Is Shaping the Future of MammalsC.Mammals in Nature Have a Better Chance to SurviveD.Many Mammals Living Ne
11、ar Cities Are Growing Bigger二、A unique curved(弯曲的)barrier has been designed by researchers at Imperial College London, who publish new findings in the journal Cities & Health on how the structure can protect people from the damaging effects of air pollution.The health concerns arising from lower air
12、 quality are more significant amongst lower-income communities which are more likely to be near roads with heavy traffic. Similarly, children are more readily exposed(接触)to air pollution simply because they live closer to the ground, where heavier pollutants settle over time.Dr Tilly Collins from Im
13、perials Centre for Environmental Policy found this issue particularly worrying, especially after noticing the severe pollution in the air while watching her child playing netball in a school playground alongside a busy London A-road. “l started researching the effect of walls along roads,”Dr Collins
14、 said. “It became evident that along the pedestrian(行人的)side of these roadside walls, there are vortexes(涡旋)where the air quality can actually be even worse as the pollutants get trapped in them.”Initially building off simple models, Dr Collins and Dr Huw Woodward, also from the Centre for Environme
15、ntal Policy, explored ideas of urban design that would mitigate these vortex effects and improve air quality for pedestrians and especially children.Inspired by sound-walls alongside motorways in Germany and the Netherlands, there searchers found that curved structures would more effectively reflect
16、 pollutants back towards the roads and would very rapidly improve air quality for pedestrians in an inexpensive manner.When asked about the challenges faced during this project, Dr Collins said: “Initially, it was difficult to convince others to get on board. The focus is very much on successfully r
17、educing smoke from cars, but there are things we can do now to protect our children.”“With increased attention being placed on the challenges associated with air pollution, there is a need for unique and effective urban design, and these curved barriers are able to handle these challenges head on, p
18、roviding huge benefits to the general public, said Marcus Grant, editor in chief of Cities & Health .1.Why are children more likely to be victims of air pollution?A.They are shorter in height.B.They have bigger airways.C.They tend to breathe more slowly.D.They like playing near busy roads.2.What doe
19、s the underlined word mitigate in Paragraph 4 mean?A.Monitor.B.Reduce.C.Predict.D.Explain.3.What do we know about the researchers design?A.It can reduce smoke from cars greatly.B.It can benefit urban traffic in some way.C.lt can limit pedestrians exposure to poor air.D.It can be used as sound-walls
20、alongside motorways.4.What does Marcus Grant suggest about the project?A.It needs more attention from the public.B.It might come across many challenges.C.lt is very likely to have a bright future.D.It should be expanded in more industries.三、The public nowadays has a misunderstanding of forest fires,
21、 believing that fires should be kept out of every type of forest. Many of us can recall Smoky the Bears famous warning: “Remember, only YOU can prevent forest fires”. However, thats not always the case. Under the right conditions, and when conducted safely, fire can create many environmental benefit
22、s as well as help prevent larger, uncontrollable wildfires.After a forest fire, many wildlife species will move into recently burned areas to feed on these newly available foods. Some reptiles and amphibians such as the pine (松树) snake prefer forests frequently burned by fire. As Herbert Stoddard pu
23、t it, “One of the most harmful things modern man has done to birds has been his attempt to exclude fire from fire-type pine forests. Within a few years most forests choke up with bushes, lose their prairie-like vegetation (草原般植被) and can no longer support birds dependent on periodic burning for thei
24、r food supply and proper cover.”If you are asked to picture the forest floor, what do you see? Pine needles, cones, leaves, branches might come to mind-all sources of fuel. If these fuel sources build up without any type of removal, the fuel load can lead to fires catastrophic to forests and people
25、alike. In contrast, prescribed fire can be used by forest professionals every couple of years to keep forest fuels at an appropriate and manageable level. They can also minimize the spread of pest insects and disease and remove unwanted tree and plant species. Plus, they can create and maintain impo
26、rtant wildlife habitats rich in grasses and promote the growth of trees, wildflowers and other various plants.Many organizations and agencies work to promote fire on the landscape when and where appropriate. Smokey Bear even has an updated warning: “Only You can Prevent Wildfires,” as the Forest Ser
27、vice has over the last few decades developed policies and procedures to include prescribed fire as a management tool, as well as continuing their work to prevent and fight wildfires.1.Why did the author mention Smoky the Bears warning?A.To introduce the topic of the passage.B.To clarify a misunderst
28、ood concept.C.To show the significance of fire prevention.D.To raise peoples awareness of forest protection.2.What can benefit birds according to Herbert Stoddard?A.Forest bushes.B.Fuel sources.C.Pine forests.D.Periodic burning.3.What is the purpose of prescribed fire?A.To put out wildfires.B.To kee
29、p the forest balance.C.To remove tree and plant species.D.To keep the fuel rich in the forest.4.What might be the best title for the passage?A.One Match Can Start A Forest FireB.Where There Is Smoke There Is A FireC.Not All Forest Fires Are Created EqualD.Why Not Keep The Forest Fire Burning四、Electr
30、ic vehicles are close to the “turning point of rapid mass adoption thanks to the decreasing cost of batteries, experts say.Global sales of electric vehicles rose 43% in 2020, but even faster growth is expected when continuing falls in battery prices result in the price of electric cars under the sam
31、e petrol and diesel (柴油)models, which may happen between 2023 and 2025. According to a study by Prof Tim Lonton, at the University of Exeter, the turning point has already been passed in Norway, where tax breaks(税收减免) mean electric cars arc cheaper and the market share of battery-powered cars increa
32、sed to 54% in 2020 in Norway, compared with less than 5% in most European nations.The falls in battery prices in the last decade have been dramatic and faster than predicted thanks to a massive production and cuts in costs, such as reducing the amount of expensive cobalt (钻)required. BloombergNEFs a
33、nalysis predicts lithium-ion(锂离子) battery costs will fall so sharply that electric cars can match the price of petrol and diesel cars by 2023. McKin-seys Global Energy Perspective 2021, published on 15 January, forecasts that electric vehicles are likely to become the most economic choice in the nex
34、t five years worldwide.Electric cars, vital in efforts to fight climate crisis, are quieter and start to go faster, so people do not want to return to a petrol or diesel vehicle once they have one. A survey of 2,000 electric car owners found 91 % said they did not want to go back.“The survey shows t
35、he strong and lasting impact of switching to a clean car. The evidence in favour of electric vehicles grows more convincing even in a year as destructive as 2020, said Melanie Shufflebotham, at Zap-Map, which maps charging points.1.What leads to the growing sales of electric vehicles?A.The rise in p
36、etrol prices.B.The desire for a lower tax.C.The drop in battery costs.D.The need for a cleaner life.2.What can we infer from paragraph 2?A.Policies in Norway support electric vehicles.B.Economy in Norway outgrows other nations.C.The market share of electric vehicles will decline.D.The tax breaks in
37、Europe will continue to increase.3.How will electric vehicles equal fuel vehicles in price?A.By increasing the demand for cobalt.B.By boosting the sales of electric cars.C.By reducing the production of batteries.D.By cutting the costs of lithium-ion batteries.4.What is the attitude of people surveye
38、d towards electric cars?A.Tolerant.B.Positive.C.Unwilling.D.Opposed.五、 Paper is one of our oldest, simplest and most important inventions. But it also presents a danger to the world in two significant ways. First, the making of paper requires the loss of millions of trees each year. Between 2001 and
39、 2019, the world lost 386 million hectares of forest. Of the trees that were cut down, 42% went to paper production. And worldwide use of paper is expected to double in the next 40 years. Clearly, the planet cannot sustain such a high rate of forest loss. The second great problem with paper is what
40、happens once it is no longer useful. A huge quantity of wastepaper ends up in dumps and landfills(垃圾填埋场) where it can produce harmful gases. Paper in landfills leads to the release(释放) of methane, a gas that is a significant contributor in global warming. One simple solution can greatly reduce both
41、of these problems: paper recycling. Paper is mainly made from cellulose(纤维素), which makes up the cell walls of trees and many other plants. Because of its structure, cellulose can be used repeatedly in papermaking. So far, trees are the only source of cellulose that can fill the massive demand for p
42、aper products. Therefore, recycling paper is simply one of the best ways to save trees. Thanks to advances in processing, recycled paper isnt the dull-colored stuff many of us are familiar with any more. It now can offer the same print performance as non-recycled paper. Effective recycling requires
43、a consistent effort. The way to begin is with education and understanding. Once enough people realize the need for recycling, more effective recycling systems can be carried out. The massive loss of trees affects everybody on earth. Everyone should do their part to recycle paper and encourage govern
44、ment and industries to do the same.1.What does the author want to express in Paragraph 1?A.Consequences resulting from forest loss.B.The significance of paper in daily life.C.The disadvantages of current paper production.D.The severe situation caused by papermaking.2.Why is paper in landfills harmfu
45、l?A.It releases smelly gases.B.It results in global climate change.C.It pollutes the nearby land.D.It may lead to fire accidents.3.What can we know about paper-recycling?A.It produces cellulose to make more paper.B.The structure of cellulose makes it possible.C.The color of recycled paper is differe
46、nt.D.It produces cellulose without using trees.4.Whats the purpose of this text?A.To introduce paper recycling technology.B.To stress the threat of global warming.C.To appeal to people to recycle paper.D.To describe the considerable need for paper.六、When answering a question, your silence might say
47、more than your words. A new psychology study has found pausing before replying, even for just a few seconds, can make you seem more insincere or dishonest. That perception(感知) of dishonesty might not be too inaccurate, either. Numerous studies in the lab and in real life suggest people are slower to
48、 respond when they are not being truthful, possibly because it takes more mental work to block a truthful response or fabricate(编造）an alternative.Whats been less clear is how well our lies have been fooling people. Some studies suggest delayed answers come across as insincere to the listener. Others find no relationship between the two, and still more have found the opposite: That a bit of hesitation increases our perception of sincerity. These findings are inconsistent and confusing. They are also mostly based on correlations. Even the few studi