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1、历年考研真题英语阅读词汇解析（一）l.While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category.尽管女性在现代生活中的不少领域仍在努力追赶男性，但至 少在一个不利的方面女性似乎遥遥领先. Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response tostress com
2、pared to men,相比男性，女性在应对压力时特别容 易患抑郁症和焦虑症.chief psychiatrist at New York s Veteran s Administration Hospital纽约退伍军人管理医院精神科主任医师2 .sex hormones somehow affect the stress response 性激素会 以某种方式影响压力反响.causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions
3、 导致处于 压力下的雌性比处于同等条件下的雄性分泌更多触发不良反响的化学 物质5 .when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries （thefemale reproductive organs） removed如果将承受巨大压力的雌 鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）切除with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.去年的大半年 中，布什总统领导了将社会保障体系变成储蓄账户模式的改革运动（
4、政 府的公共福利计划），（在这种模式下）退休人员的大局部或全部的“有 保障收入变成了 依赖投资收益的收入.the share of it borne by families have risen 家庭承当的份额已 土曰_占_22 .newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers 新近流行的健康储蓄 计划正从国会大厅蔓延到沃尔玛员工那里.with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of invest
5、ment risk for families, future healthcare 随之而来的是比 过去高出许多的医疗保险免赔额，以及家庭未来的医疗保健所面临的大 量新增投资风险23 .even demographics are working against the middle class family甚至人口统计数据都对中产阶级家庭不利.as the odds of having a weak elderly parent - and allthe attendant need for physical and financial assistance 一have jumped eigh
6、tfold in just one generation 因为（据统计）家 庭中出现年老力衰的父母以及随之而来的体力和经济援助的需要 的几率在仅仅一代人的时间里就猛涨到原来的八倍24 .from the middle-class family perspective 从中产阶级的角度看proposition:尽管如此（仍然），任何一个有思想的人都不会拒绝接受他们的理论前提19.have we essentially changed?我们从根本上变化了吗？【题干及选项词汇】.a survey of new approaches to art对多种艺术新方法的调查1 .a review of Fu
7、turist poetry对未来派诗歌的评论.about merits of the Futurist movement （ B ）有关未来派运动的 优点4.ignore its flaws 忽视其缺陷5.indicative of basic change in human nature ( D ) 反映了人，性的基本变化6.more of a transient phenomenon than literature 与其说是文学, 不如说是一种短暂现象（三十四）1 .A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful han
8、dicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 一段毫不费力就获得的长久成功可能会成为一种极大的障碍, 但假设处理得当，它也可能转化为一种推动力。2 .enter just such a glowing period 恰好进入一段辉煌时期.give its industries unparalleled economies of scale 使其产业达 到无与伦比的规模经济3 .prosperous beyond the dreams of.国富民强是.做梦也无法 想象的.narrow this primacy 缩
9、小这一领先优势4 .the retreat from predominance proved painful 领先优势的后推攵 令人感到痛苦.find themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness面对其日益衰退的产业竞争力感到不知所措5 .vanish 消失.textile纺织品6 .sweep into 涌向.on the ropes 岌岌可危12.for a while曾经有那么一段时间t looked as though 看起来,好像14.semiconductor 半导体15.going to be
10、the next casualty 将要成为下一个受害者16.all of this caused a crisis of confidence 所有这些引发了一场信 心危机17.stop taking prosperity for granted不再视繁荣为理所当然之事18 .ways of doing business 商业经营方式.buy one inquiry after another into the causes of America, s industrial decline对美国产业衰退的原因展开一次又一次的调查 20.sensational findings耸人听闻（哗众取
11、宠）的调查结果21.How things have changed !情况变化如此之大！22.solid growth稳固开展（稳定增长）.Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle.很少有 美国人将此仅仅归因于美元贬值或经济周期的循环这些显而易见的原 因。23 .Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride.于是自我怀疑被盲目自 大所取代。25 .American indus
12、try has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted.美国产业已经调整了结 构，进行了精简，反响也更敏捷了（机敏的，机智的）.executive dean 执行院长26 .think-tank 智囊团.a golden age of business management 企业管理的黄金时代【题干及选项词汇】.make painstaking efforts towards this goal 为实现这一目标付 出了艰辛的努力1 .the unparalleled size o
13、f its workforce had given an impetus toits economy空前规模的劳动力促进了其经济的开展2 .be manifested in the fact that.可被事实证明.withdraw to its domestic market 萎缩到国内市场已自取灭亡3 .has collapsed after suicidal actions （ D ） 6.intense competition 激更&竞争7.international cooperation.国际合作 8.A long history of success may pave the w
14、ay for further development.持续成功的历史可能为进一步的开展铺平道路（三十五）n practice 实际上2 .preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments实验观察者有准备的头脑.Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple.（一般认为）据称艾萨克牛顿爵士是从苹果落地中 发现了万有引力4 .the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and
15、planets 月球 和行星绕轨道运行的原因.What kept them in place?是什么使它们保持在适当的位置?5 .those larger fruits of the heavens 天空中那些更大的果实.fall up into the tree 向上飞到树上6 .his mind was ready for the unpredictable.他的头脑为不可预测 之事做好了准备.Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research.不 可预测性是科学研究的根本特征之一。（最基本，本质的）7 .write t
16、heir cut and dried reports for the technical journals 为 技术期刊撰写预先准备好的报告（已成定局的，不容更改的）.but history is filled with examples of it 历史上这样的例子却比 比皆是1.1 in talking to.在和谈话时.gather the impression 有印象13 .scientific method 科学方法.a substitute for imaginative thought 一种对创造性思维（想象思 维）的替代15 .the advisability of conti
17、nuing a certain experiment 进彳亍某项 实验是否明智（可取性）.frown 皱眉16 .the data are still inconclusive数据还不够确定（不够充分）.the men from the budget office 预算部门的人17 .worthwhile doing 值得做.be asked to speculate被要求做出推测18 .what this amounts to is that.这就意味着.put forward unquestioned claims consistently 一贯地提出无 争议的论断24.industria
18、l and business management 工商界管理者 25.perfectly logical完全合情合理的（有逻辑的）26.auditor审计人员27.should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is onthe microscope不会因需要一只眼睛盯着收银机另一只眼睛盯着显 微镜而分心28.Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as de
19、sirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “odd balls“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.“如果像他们论文反映的那样，连科学家本人都渴望规律性与标 准模式的一致性，那么管理层支持与团队合作愉快”的传统思维者而 排斥研究人员
20、中的标新立异者（行为古怪者，反常者），也是无可 指摘的。【题干及选项词汇】l.inquiring minds好奇的头脑（查询，探究）2.science advances 科学进步.write more concise reports 撰写更简明的报告（三十六）3 .startle the world震惊世界（使吃惊）.move swiftly迅速采取行动2 .use this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans利用这种不同寻常的畜牧业技术去克隆人类.propose to do so提议要那样做3 .an independent
21、panel of experts chaired by.个以为首的 独立专家小组.report back to the White House 向白宫汇报4 .the National Bioethics Advisory Commission （NBAC）国家生物 伦理道德顾问委员会.has been working feverishly to put its wisdom on paper 一直 在心急如焚地工作，集思广益（将智慧诉诸笔端）5 .members agreed on a near-final draft of their recommendations委员们就接近定稿的建议书
22、取得了一致意见.be extended indefinitely 无限期延长6 .word the recommendation narrowly 对建议严谨措辞.routine in molecular biology分子生物学研究中的常规课题7 .reach agreement on a crucial question 在一个关键问题上达成一致8 .whether to recommend legislation that.是否建议立法.private funding 私人资金16.in a draft preface to the recommendations 在建议序言草案中17.
23、find a broad consensus 取得广泛的共识18.morally unacceptable 违背道德19.stem mainly from 主要源于1.1 informally accept several general conclusions 非正式地接受了几项一般性的结论21 .plan to call for a continued ban on.计划呼吁继续禁止.clone body cell nuclei to create a child 克隆人体细胞核去制造 婴孩22 .the earliest stage of human offspring before b
24、irth 人类后代 出生前的最早阶段.knowingly endanger an embryo7 s life 有意危及胚胎的生命23 .remain silent on.在方面保持沉默indicate that 表示27 .appeal to 呼吁.clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer 通过人体细胞核转移来克隆人29.impose a complete ban （强力口）强令完全禁止30.be still up in the air.仍悬而未决【题干及选项词汇】.be authorized to 被授权1 .a law banning huma
25、n cloning is to be passed in no time 禁止 克隆人的一项法律将很快被通过（三十七）l.an invisible border divides.在中间存在着一条无形的界限2.on the behalf of（ on ones behalf ）studentsf career prospects 为了学生的职业前景2 .for broader reasons of radical educational reform 以彻底的教育 改革这种更宽泛（宏伟）的理由.which goes to the heart of what is wrong withthe ca
26、mpaign to put computers in the classroom 这种区另U触及 到问题的实质（揭示的关键），说明将计算机融进课堂教学运动的症 结所在.technical education 技术教育6justified for reasons radically different from why educationis universally required by law它存在的理由与法律规定的普及教育 （即义务教育）存在的理由完全不同7 .Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a c
27、haracter who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.更是因为，我们对美国公民这一概念有这样一种理解： 如果一个人不能适当地（胜任地）评估自身生活及幸福是如何受到外界 影响，那么他的（素质）就是不完整的。8.it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of
28、education人们普遍认为有些儿童天 生就不适合接受这种教育9.with optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries随着工业化国家带来的特有的乐观主义特点lO puter-education advocates forsake this optimisticnotion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheeryoutlook.倡导计算机教育的人推弃了这一乐观理念，代之以与他们快乐（兴高采烈的）人生观相悖的悲观论调。11.Banking on the confus
29、ion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools 基于（由 于）将将计算机引入学校的教育理由和谋职理由相混淆12.some good arguments 一些很好的理由13.introduce the concept of professional training 引进职业培训的概念14.lt is presumptuous to insist that 自以为是地坚持认为15.international corporations 国际公司28 .understandably
30、可以理解.look far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility看起来远不像是履行更多经济责任的机会30 .and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration ofthe wholesale shift of financial risk onto theiralready overburdened shoulders而更像是以骇人的增速将金融风险大规模转嫁到他们已经不堪重负的肩膀上31 .the financial fallout经济上的不良后
31、果.the political fallout政治上的不良后果【题干及选项词汇】.their chances of being laid off have greatly increased 他彳门遭受 失业的可能性大大增加1 .be deprived of unemployment or disability insurance （被录!夺） 再享受失业或伤残保险3dess secured payments不太有保障的收入4 .popularize among the middle class在中产阶级中得到普及 pensate for the reduced pensions 补偿减少的养
32、老金5 .The Middle Class on the Alert 保持警惕.The Middle Class on the Cliff 悬崖边上16.well-developed skills （完善的、健全的）熟练的技能17.lt does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs.不需要花费毕生时间去了解、学会各种软件程序 18.an entirely different story 完全另外一回事19.1n any case, basic computer skills are only
33、 complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional.不管怎样，基本的计算机技能只是对成为任何类型专业 技术人员所需的各种实际技能的补充。20.lt should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.当然应该看到的 是，任何一种教育，无论职业还是非职业，如果其目的不明确，均不会 收益。【题干
34、及选项词汇】.far-reaching 意义深远1 .dubiously oriented （趋势）方向不明.self-contradictory 自相矛盾2 .is indicative of a pessimism in disguise 说明了一种伪装的悲观主义5 e into being along with the arrival of computers 随着计算 机的到来而产生.be of little practical value 几乎不具实用价值6 .be included as an auxiliary course in school 作为学校的辅助课 程包括在内.be
35、 highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications 在 专业资格的获取中加以强调（三十八）l.In the last half of the nineteenthcentury capital and labour“ were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. 19 世纪下半叶,“资 方和劳方按现代生产方式不断扩大和完善各自对立的组织。2 .Many an old firm was replaced by a limited l
36、iabilitycompany with a bureaucracy of salaried managers.有限责彳壬公 司取代了许多老式的旧企业，这种由领薪水的经理组成管理机 构。3 .by engaging a large professional element 通过聘用大量专业人 员（分子）.prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic fo
37、unders防止了效率的下降,而过去这种效率的 下降通常会毁掉在积极的创业者之后的第二代、第三代家族企业的财产。1.1 t was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. 而且这也是公司摆脱个人行动，向集体主义制度、市营企业及国营企业 迈出的第一步。6 .the great municipalities大城市的市政当局.trams 电车7 .The growth of the limited liability co
38、mpany and municipal business had important consequences.有限责任公司及市政企业 的开展产生了重大影响.such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class对资本和企业如此大规模的非个人操控极大地增加了股东 作为一个阶层的数量和重要性lO.represent irresponsible wealth detached from the
39、 land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business代表不承当责彳壬的贝才富， 而这种财富与土地别离，与土地所有者的责任别离，几乎也同样地与企 业的责任管理别离.be enriched by the world s movementtowards industrialization以世界性的工业化开展而大发其财.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house l
40、arge “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders7 meeting to dictate their orders to the management.为了给饱食终日阶级提供居住场所，像伯恩茅斯 和伊斯特本这样的城市快速地开展起来了。大批饱食终日的阶层退 休后靠丰厚的红利
41、生活，他们除了领取红利、偶尔出席股东会议并向管 理层指手画脚、发号施令以外，与公司的其他员工没有任何联系。11 .0n the other hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.另一方面 “持有股权”就 意味着悠闲和自由，所以维多利亚后期许多人把这种休闲和自由视为伟 大文明的最高目标。14 .the “shareholders as such had n
42、o knowledge of.这些月殳 东本身并不了解.The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now pas
43、sing away,拿薪水的 经理代表公司经营，他们直接与公司联系，也知道工人的需求。但即使 这样的经理也很少对工人个人情况有非常亲近的了解，而在那些正遭淘 汰的旧式家族家长制企业中，雇主通常对工人的个人情况有非常亲近的 了解。15 .render such personal relations impossible 不可能建立（使成 为，提供）这种个人关系.trade unions 工会16 .enable the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them使工人能够以平等的方式
44、 与雇用他们的公司经理会谈了.The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.工人罢工和雇主闭厂的严酷惩罚使双方都 学会了尊重彼此的力量，理解公正谈判的价值。【题干及选项词汇】.fail for lack of individual initiative由于缺乏个人独创性而失败1 .the system of shareholding impaire
45、d the management of modern companies股权体系伤害了现代企业管理制度（三十九）l.in the first year or so 大约一年间.most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap theconsumer market大局部活动都以努力开发消费者市场为中心.as the Web proved to be more than a fashion 随着网络被证实 不仅仅是一种时尚2 .with one another 互相5.such business-to-business sales make
46、 sense 这种企业对企业（网络）交易是合乎情理的6.nonetheless 尽管如此7.trust the pathway between them and the supplier 相信自己和 供应商之间的网络路径8.senior analyst资深分析员9.conduct online transactions 进行在线交易lO.established business partners确立已久的，资深的商业伙伴 ll.be given access to the company7 s private intranet 被授权进 入其公司私用内部网络12 .Another major
47、shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing.网络商务模式 的另一个重大变化与可应用于营销的技术有关。13 .1nternet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull” customers into sites.网络营销活动还集中在将用户拉入网站的策略上14 . push information directly out to consumers 将信息直接 推送给客户.transmit m
48、arketing messages directly to targetedcustomers直接将销售信息传送给目标客户.most notably最引人注目的是15 .customize the information they want to receive 量身设定自己 想接收的信息.proceed directly to a company s Web site 直接登陆（进入） 某一公司网址16 .special sales 特价销售.product offerings 产品促销20 .earn the contempt of many Web users 招来许多网络用户的蔑 视.think highly of the notion that （高度评价）推崇这样的理念21 .once commercial promotion begins to fill the screenuninvited 一旦商业促销不请自来地充满电脑屏幕24.Thatr s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.这种前景让网络纯粹主义者（网络纯洁论者）感到恐惧1.1 it is hardly inevitable that.并不是非得.