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1、白白细细胞和免疫系胞和免疫系统统第1页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Bloodhem/o and hemat/oplasma-55%formed elements-45%serum-plasma without clotting plasma without clotting proteinsproteins第2页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Blood CellsRBC-erythrocytes-erythropoiesisWBC-leukocytes-leukopoiesisPlatelets-thrombocytes-thrombopoiesis第3页，共38页，编辑于202
2、2年，星期日Erythrocyteserythr/o-erythr/o-redredcyte-cyte-cell cellHemoglobin-blood protein Hemoglobin-blood protein transports oxygentransports oxygenReticulocyte-immature Reticulocyte-immature erythrocyte erythrocyte RBCs produced by red bone RBCs produced by red bone marrowmarrow第4页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Le
3、ukocytesleuk/o-whiteProtect the body against invasionPass through capillary walls第5页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Granulocytes(neutrophils(phagocytosis)neutrophils(phagocytosis)(eosinophils(allergies)eosinophils(allergies)(basophils(promote inflammation)basophils(promote inflammation)Agranulocytes(lymphocytes(p
4、roduction of circulating lymphocytes(production of circulating antibodies)antibodies)(monocytes(macrophages)monocytes(macrophages)Collection of dead and living bacteria and Collection of dead and living bacteria and leukocytes called pus,abscessleukocytes called pus,abscess.第6页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Thro
5、mbocytessmallest formed elementmade in bone marrowessential to blood coagulationIf injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the If injury,blood comes in contact with any tissue other than the lining of the vessels,platelets stick together,form plug,seals lining of the vessels,platele
6、ts stick together,form plug,seals wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of wound.Chemicals released,series of reactions,formation of clot.clot.第7页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Plasmaplasma(92%water(8%plasma proteinsC CalbuminalbuminC CglobulinglobulinC Cfibrinogenfibrinogenserum-plasma without
7、clotting proteins or fibrinogenplasma without clotting proteins or fibrinogen第8页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Functions of the Immune System To protect the entire body from a variety of harmful substances(pathogenic microorganisms(allergens(toxins(malignant cells第9页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Structures of the Immune Sys
8、temUnlike other body systems,Immune System is NOT contained within a single set of organs or vesselsAction depends on structures from lymphatic,cardiovascular,and Integumentary systemsWorks primarily through antigen-antibody reaction第10页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Lymphatic SystemMajor structures(lymph vessel
9、slymph vessels(lymph nodeslymph nodes(lymph fluidlymph fluid(tonsilstonsilsAlso(spleenspleen(thymusthymus第11页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Functions of the Lymph Systemlymph/odrain fluid from tissue spaces and return to it to the bloodtransport materials(nutrients,hormones and oxygen)to body cellscarry away was
10、te products to the blood transport lipids away from digestive systemcontrol of infection第12页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Lymph SystemLymph originates in blood plasmaInterstitial fluidcleans and nourishes body tissuescollects cellular debris,bacteriareturn to blood or lymph capillaries第13页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Lymp
11、h Nodeslocated in lymph vesselssmall round or oval structures (filters)depositories for cellular debrisbacteria and debris phagocytized第14页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Lymph Nodesinside are masses of tissue which contain WBCs(lymphocytes)almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100 invading cells destroyed in nodes and
12、 often swell as an indicator of the disease process第15页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Spleensac-like mass of lymphatic tissuefilter for lymphphagocytic cellshemolytic第16页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Thymuslymphatic tissuemediastinumprimary role:changes lymphocytes to T cells for cellular immunity第17页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Tonsi
13、lsmasses of lymph tissue designed to filter tissue fluid,not lymphlocated beneath certain areas of moist epithelium exposed to outside and hence to contaminationany or all may become so loaded with bacteria that the pathogens gain dominanceshould not be removed unless absolutely necessary.第18页，共38页，
14、编辑于2022年，星期日Antigen-Antibody ReactionsAntigen-any substance that the body regards as foreign(virus,bacterium,toxin)Antibody-a disease fighting protein developed by the body in response to the presence of an antigenAntigen-antibody reaction or immune reaction第19页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日WBCs for Immune Reac
15、tionsmonocytes-type of lymphocytes(formed in bone marrow/transported where needed by body(become macrophagesmacrophage-phagocytic cell that protects body by ingesting invading cellslymphocytes-major class of WBCs(formed in lymphatic tissue第20页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日LymphocytesT cells or T Lymphocytes(mat
16、ure in thymus gland(Cell mediated immunityB cells or B Lymphocytes(mature in bone marrow(antibody-mediated immunity第21页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日T Cell or T Lymphocyte(Cell Mediated Immunity)T Cell(cell mediated immunity)(circulating lymphocytes(produced in bone marrow(matures in thymus(live for years(prima
17、ry function:coordinate immune defenses and kill organisms 第22页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Lymphocyte:T Cellshelper T cells-essential to proper functioning of immune systemMemory cells-remember antigens and stimulate a faster response if same antigen introduced at a later time第23页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Blood Groups
18、Four blood groups based on presence or absence of blood antigens(agglutinogens)on surface of RBCsA-A antigenB-B antigenAB-both AB antigensO-no AB antigens第24页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Plasma does not contain the antibody against own antigenAntigensAntigens on the donors RBCs on the donors RBCs react with th
19、e react with the antibodies in patients plasma and cause a transfustion and cause a transfustion reaction.reaction.第25页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Rh FactorRh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of Rh factor is antigen present on RBC of 85%of pop.of US.pop.of US.Rh positive and Rh negativeRh positive and R
20、h negativeRh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies Rh neg pregnant woman may develop antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.to the Rh protein of her Rh-positive fetus.hemolytic disease of the newbornhemolytic disease of the newbornprevented with RhoGAMprevented with RhoGAM第26页，共38
21、页，编辑于2022年，星期日ImmunityImmunity-state of being resistant or not susceptible to a specific diseaseAcquired immunity-any form of immunity NOT present at birth and obtained during life第27页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Factors That Influence Immune SystemHealthAgeHeredity第28页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日AnemiasOxygen-carrying
22、capacity of blood is reducedsymptom of diseaseerythropeniahypochromasiahematocrit第29页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS)Caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)HIV infects T-helper cells with often a long incubation of up to 10 yearsAIDS name applied during advanced stages
23、 of diseaseAfter immune system destroyed,opportunistic infections occur.第30页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Autoimmune DisordersAntigens stimulate development of antibodies that are unable to distinguish antigens of internal cells.Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself and attacks own tissues.Multisyste
24、mic involvement.Myasthenia gravis,rheumatoid arthritis第31页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日EdemaHypoproteinemialowers osmotic pressure within blood(large amounts of plasma pass out of bloodpoor lymph drainageincreased capillary permeabilitycongestive heart failurelocalized edema,ascites第32页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Hemoph
25、iliaHereditary blood clotting disordersex-linked,usually in menlack factor VIII,essential for blood clottinghematomashemarthrosis第33页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Infectious MononucleosisAcute infection caused by virus.Fever,sore throat,swollen lymph glands,atypical lymphocytes,splenomegaly,hepatomegaly,abnorma
26、l liver function,and bruising.transmitted by droplet infectionInfection confers permanent immunityTreatment symptomatic第34页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Oncology,the study of tumorsMetastasis,MetastasizeMetastasis,MetastasizeCarcinoma(Malignant MelanomaMalignant Melanoma(AdenocarcinomaAdenocarcinomaSarcoma(aris
27、es from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)Sarcoma(arises from bone,fat,muscle,etc.)(OsteocarcomaOsteocarcoma(OsteosarcomaOsteosarcoma(MyosarcomaMyosarcoma(Myeloma第35页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日LeukemiaMajor oncological disorder of blood-forming organsmalignant cells replace health bone marrow cellsacute myelogenous leuke
28、miaacute lymphocytic leukemia第36页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Hodgkins DiseaseMalignant disorderPainless,progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical lymph nodes;splenomegalyAnorexia,weight loss,pruritus,anemia,leukocytosis第37页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日Kaposis SarcomaMalignancy associated with AIDSlesions emerge as purplish-brown macules and develop into plaques and nodules第38页，共38页，编辑于2022年，星期日