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1、2004 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题 Section IUse of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D onANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people
2、) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories1on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior2they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3with others. Theories focusi
3、ng on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5as a rejection of middle-class values. Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _ 6the fact that children from wealthy homes
4、 also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes7lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are8to criticism. Changes in the social structure may indirectly9juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10to fewer job opportunities for youth and ris
5、ing unemployment11make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in12lead more youths into criminal behavior. Families have also13changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents;14 ，children are likely to have less su
6、pervision at home15was common in the traditional family 16. This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other _17_causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased _ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing19of child abuse
7、 and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20a direct causal relationship has not yet been established. 1. A actingB relyingC centeringD commenting 2. A beforeB unlessC untilD because 3. A interactionB assimilationC cooperationD co
8、nsultation 4. A returnB replyC referenceD response 5. A orB but ratherC butD or else 6. A consideringB ignoringC highlightingD discarding 7. A onB inC forD with 8. A immuneB resistantC sensitiveD subject 9. A affectB reduceC chockD reflect 10. A pointB leadC comeD amount 11. A in generalB on average
9、C by contrastD at length 12. A caseB shortC turnD essence 13. A survivedB noticedC undertakenD experienced 14.A contrarilyB consequentlyC similarlyD simultaneously 15. A thanB thatC whichD as 16. A systemB structureC conceptD heritage 17. A assessableB identifiableC negligibleD incredible 18. A expe
10、nseB restrictionC allocationD availability 19. A incidenceB awarenessC exposureD popularity 20. A providedB sinceC althoughD supposing Section IIReading Comprehension PartA Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on
11、ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1 Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the sites “personal search agent”. Its an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job crite
12、ria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his re
13、sume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked
14、for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,” says one expert. For any job search, you should start with a narrow conceptwhat you think you want to dothen broaden it. “None of thes
15、e programs do that,” says another expert. “Theres no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would
16、 not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSites agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example,
17、 it includes only three potential jobsthose it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find themand they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice presiden
18、t of marketing for CareerSite. Even those who arent hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon mai
19、ntains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 21. How did Redmon find his job? A By searching openings in a job database.B By posting a matching position in a database. C By usi
20、ng a special service of a database.D By E-mailing his resume to a database. 22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents? A Lack of counseling.B Limited number of visits. C Lower efficiency.D Fewer successful matches. 23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most p
21、robably means. A advisory.B compensation. C interaction.D reminder. 24. Why does CareerSites agent offer each job hunter only three job options? A To focus on better job matches.B To attract more returning visits. C To reserve space for more messages.D To increase the rate of success. 25. Which of t
22、he following is true according to the text? A Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. B Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. C Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. D Some agents stop sending information to people once they are e
23、mployed. Text 2 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a le
24、tter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zo Zysman. English names are fairly evenly sp
25、read between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between Aand K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had
26、surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrtien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duis
27、enberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffett,Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically
28、 disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed
29、by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues.At university graduat
30、ion ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose int
31、erest as they plough through them. 26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? A Akind of overlooked inequality.B Atype of conspicuous bias. C Atype of personal prejudice.D Akind of brand discrimination. 27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? A In bo
32、th East and West, names are essential to success. B The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zo Zysman. C Customers often pay a lot of attention to companiesnames. D Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 28. The 4th paragraph suggests that. A questions are often put to the more
33、intelligent students B alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class C teachers should pay attention to all of their students D students should be seated according to their eyesight 29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)? A
34、They are getting impatient.B They are noisily dozing off. C They are feeling humiliated.D They are busy with word puzzles. 30.Which of the following is true according to the text? A People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. B VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from a
35、lphabetism. C The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. D Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. Text 3 When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cutting, filing or polishing as
36、 many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when theyre concerned abo
37、ut saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says. Even before Alan Greenspans admission that Americas red-hot economy i
38、s cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the caut
39、ious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys long-term prospects even as they do so
40、me modest belt-tightening. Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed
41、 by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three, says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker.And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about
42、their ability to find and keep a job. Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now v
43、iew as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan we are genetically programmed to disintegrate and perish, even under ideal conditions. We all und
44、erstand that at some level, yet as medical consumers we treat death as a problem to be solved. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if its useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physiciansfrustrate
45、d by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patienttoo often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. In 1950, the US spent $12.7 billion on health care. In 2002, the cost will be $1,540 billion. Anyone can see this trend is unsustainable.
46、Yet few seem willing to try to reverse it. Some scholars conclude that a government with finite resources should simply stop paying for medical care that sustains life beyond a certain agesay 83 or so. Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm “have a du
47、ty to die and get out of the way”, so that younger, healthier people can realize their potential. I would not go that far. Energetic people now routinely work through their 60s and beyond, and remain dazzlingly productive. At 78, Viacom chairman Sumner Redstone jokingly claims to be 53. Supreme Cour
48、t Justice Sandra Day OConnor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s.These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can manage the health problems that come naturally with age. As a mere 68-year-old, I wish to age as producti
49、vely as they have. Yet there are limits to what a society can spend in this pursuit. As a physician, I know the most costly and dramatic measures may be ineffective and painful. I also know that people in Japan and Sweden, countries that spend far less on medical care, have achieved longer, healthier lives than we have. As a nation, we may be overfunding the quest for unlikely cures while underfunding research on humbler therapies that could improve peoples lives. 36. What is implied in the first sentence? A Americans are better prepared for death than other people. B Americans enjoy a