2018考研英语(一)真题.pdf
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1、1 1 2018 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)真题 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Trust is a tricky business. On the one hand, its a necessary condition 1 many worthwhile things: child
2、care, friendships, etc. On the other hand, putting your 2, in the wrong place often carries a high 3. 4, why do we trust at all? Well, because it feels good. 5 people place their trust in an individual or an institution, their brains release oxytocin, a hormone that 6 pleasurable feelings and trigge
3、rs the herding instruct that prompts humans to 7 with one another. Scientists have found that exposure 8 this hormone puts us in a trusting 9: In a Swiss study, researchers sprayed oxytocin into the noses of half the subjects; those subjects were ready to lend significantly higher amounts of money t
4、o strangers than were their 10 who inhaled something else. 11 for us, we also have a sixth sense for dishonesty that may 12 us. A Canadian study found that children as young as 14 months can differentiate 13 a credible person and a dishonest one. Sixty toddlers were each 14 to an adult tester holdin
5、g a plastic container. The tester would ask, “Whats in here?” before looking into the container, smiling, and exclaiming, “Wow!” Each subject was then invited to look 15. Half of them found a toy; the other half 16 the container was empty-and realized the tester had 17 them. Among the children who h
6、ad not been tricked, the majority were 18 to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill, demonstrating that they trusted his leadership. 19, only five of the 30 children paired with the “20”tester participated in a follow-up activity. 1. A onB likeC forD from 2. A faithB concernC attentionD i
7、nterest 3. A benefitB debtC hopeD price 4. A ThereforeB ThenC InsteadD Again 5. AUntilB UnlessC AlthoughD When 6. A selectsB producesC appliesD maintains 7. A consultB competeC connectD compare 8. A atB byCofDto 9. A contextB moodC periodD circle 10.A counterparts B substitutesC colleaguesDsupporter
8、s 11.A FunnyB LuckyC OddD Ironic 12.A monitorB protectC surpriseD delight 13.A betweenB withinC towardD over 14.A transferredB addedC introducedD entrusted 15.A outB backC aroundD inside 16.A discoveredB provedC insistedD .remembered 17.A betrayedBwrongedC fooledD mocked 18.A forcedB willingC hesita
9、ntD entitled 19.A In contrastBAs a resultC On the wholeD For instance 20.A inflexibleB incapableC unreliableD unsuitable Section II Reading Comprehension PartA Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SH
10、EET. (40 points) Text 1 Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next 2 2 presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs? Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being au
11、tomated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering have aroused their interest, or soon will. The
12、 rich own the robots, so they will be fine. This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards an
13、d created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting. The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and
14、Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem
15、-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt. The challenge of coping with automation
16、 underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual re
17、ality havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them. Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such
18、as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality. Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and car
19、eers upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 21.Who will be most threatened by automation? A Leading politicians. BLow-wage laborers. CRobot owners. DMiddle-class workers. 22 .Which of the fo
20、llowing best represent the authors view? A Worries about automation are in fact groundless. BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support. CIssues arising from automation need to be tackled DNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided 23.Education in the age of automation should put more
21、emphasis on A creative potential.Bjob-hunting skills. Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit. 24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at Aencouraging the development of automation. Bincreasing the return on capital investment. Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor. Dpreventing the inc
22、ome gap from widening. 25.In this text, the author presents a problem with A opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it. Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations. 3 3 Text 2 A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Trumps use of
23、Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source, Not a presidents social media platform. Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their
24、 media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 p
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