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1、Unit 4 EarthquakesPeriod 1 Warming up and Reading comprehension课前自主学习方案重点单词1 (adj.) 极度的 (adv.)极度地2 （n.）民族；国家；国民 （adv.）民族的；国家的；全国的3 (n,) 污垢 (adj.) 脏的4 （n.）苦难；痛苦 _（v.）遭受 (n.)患病者；受难者5 (v.) 损害 （n.）6 (vt.) 毁坏 （n.）7 (n) 电；电流 （adj.靠电来工作的 (adj.)与电有关的8 (n )祝贺；（复数）贺词 （ v.）祝贺9 (vt.)使惊吓；吓唬 _（adj.）令人恐惧的 （adj.）受惊
2、的；受惊吓的重点短语1 right 立刻；马上 2 too 太 而不能3 think of 评价不高 4 usual 像往常一样5 as 好像 6 an end 结束；终结7 cut 穿过；贯穿 8 ruins 成为废墟9 number of 的数量 10 instead 代替11 dig 掘出；发现 12 (great) number of 许多；大量的语篇导读Lead-in.what natural disasters have you heard of?II.Which disaster may cause the worst damage? Have you ever experien
3、ced an earthquake? _ _ .Discussion：How much do you know about an earthquake?1 What do you think will happen before an earthquake?_ 2 What shall we do if an earthquake happens when we are at school?_3 Can we stop earthquakes?_4 What can we do after earthquakes?_课文佳句背诵与仿写 （旨在培养对难句的理解和写作能力）【原句】But the
4、one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night. 但是，唐山市的一百万居民几乎都没有把这些情况当一回事，当天晚上照常睡着了。模仿要点 句子结构：由which/who引导的非限制性定语从句【模仿1】我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。_ 【模仿2】据报道，心脏病和癌症成了中年人的头号杀手，这给我们敲响了警钟。_ _ Period 2 language Points知识探究与发现1.In the city, the water pipes in
5、some buildings cracked and burst.在市内，有些建筑物里的水管爆裂开来。自主探究burst vi. ( , ) n. eg: Water-pipes .水管在寒冷的天气里经常冻裂。搭配 burst into + n. = burst out doing sth. 突然起来burst into = burst out laughing 放声大笑burst into =burst out crying 放声大哭 burst into break into the room 破门而入 a burst of anger 一阵发怒即学即练The police the roo
6、m and caught the murder.A. burst intoB. entered into C. looked intoD. shouted at2. It seemed as if the world was at an end. 似乎到了世界末日！1).as if = as though 好像，似乎（1）如果as if 从句表示的事情可能是真实的，通常使用陈述语气。eg: It looks as if it is going to rain. It sounds as if 听起来好像有人在敲门。（2）如果as if 从句表示的内容与事实相反或是一种假想，通常使用虚拟语气。主
7、句+as if (though)+主语+were/过去时 表示与主句动作同时发生could/would +动词原形表示动作可能在将来发生had+过去分词表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前即学即练(95年全国) When a pencil is partly in aglass of water, it looks as if it .A. breaksB. has brokenC. were brokenD. had been broken She talked about the film as if really seen it.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。 She learn
8、s English so hard as if 她学英语如此努力好像她要去美国似的。 2). at an end 结束，终结（常作表语）eg: . 战争终于结束了。归纳拓展at the end of 在尽头，在末尾by the end of 到为止in the end 最后，终于make ends meet 收支相抵come to an end 结束3.In fifteen terrible seconds a large city lay in ruins.在可怕的15秒内，一座大城市就沉没在一片废墟之中。ruin （1）n. eg: 我们看见了这座教堂的废墟。（2）vt. 搭配 be li
9、e in ruins 破败不堪eg: 那座建筑物已成断壁残垣。 fall into ruins 成为废墟辨析 ruin destroy damage ruin 指对物体或生命彻底的破坏，往往是非暴力的，也不是一次打击的结果，也可以指对美好的或希望中的事物的破坏。destroy 指彻底毁坏，不能修复。damage 指局部损坏，但可以修复。即学即练（1）The building was completely by fire.（2）His car hit a tree by the roadside andwas . So he had to have it repaired.（3）My new s
10、hoes get in the mud.4 Sand now filled the wells instead of water.典例赏析1).The Chinese use chopsticks instead of knivesand forks. 中国人不用刀叉,用筷子。2). Instead of working, Jack was idling away his time. 杰克不去工作,虚度着光阴。3). She decided to leave here on Sunday instead of Monday. 她决定星期日而不是星期一离开这里。自主探究instead of _短
11、语归纳instead 是副词，单独使用，用于句首或句末作状语，意为“代替；相反”。instead of 是复合介词，后接名词、代词、或动名词，其后面的动作，意为“代替、而不”。in place of 为介词短语，也是“代替、而不”的意思.take the place of 作谓语，用在名词、代词前。即学即练1). Tractors _ horses in many places. A. in place ofB. have taken the place of C. insteadD. instead of 2). You should be out playing _ working ind
12、oors all day. A. in spite ofB. take the place of C. instead D. instead of5. Two-thirds of them died or were injured during the earthquake.（1）分数表达法分子（基数词为one） 分母（序数词用单数）eg. 1/3 one-third 1/5 one-fifth分子（基数词大于one）分母+s （序数词用复数）eg. 2/3 two-thirds3/5 three-fifths百分数表达法数词+percent (%) 表示 “百分之” eg. 75% ， 90
13、% ，65% ，分数/百分数作主语时，若所指的是可数名词，则谓语动词多用复数；eg. 80% of the trees were cut down.若指不可数名词，谓语动词多用单数：eg. 50% of the water in the bottle has gone.请根据提示完成下列句子。1. (三分之一) of the students in our class (be) girls.2. (五分之三) of the soil (wash) away by the flood last night.3. (一半) of the desks in this school (make) in
14、 his company.（2）injure vt. eg: 吸烟会损害你的健康。 去年他在一次交通事故中受了伤。辨析 injure, hurt, woundnjure 常指偶然事故对人造成的“损害”。hurt v.受伤，伤害。常用于口语，主要指肉体或感情上所受到的伤害，也含有“疼痛（vi.）”的意思。wound vt. 伤，伤害。& n.伤，伤口。指外伤，如刀伤、枪伤、剑伤，尤指在战争中、战斗中受伤。即学即练 He got in the war. He didnt want to her feelings. Yesterday my leg .Tom fell down from the t
15、ree and his legs.6. People were shocked. 人们震惊了。shock v. U n. 休克，打击，震惊 C n. 令人震惊的事派生词 shocked adj. 震惊的 shocking adj. 令人震惊的搭配 be shocked at (doing) sth. 对（做）某事感到震惊 be shocked to do sth. 惧怕做某事即学即练 The childs bad language （使大家都感到震惊）。 他对她的抽烟感到震惊。 The news of his wifes death was to him.（一个沉重的打击） All of th
16、e people present felt at the news. 所有在场的人们对这个令人震惊的消息感到震惊。 7. Some of the rescue workers and doctors were trapped under the ruins. Rescue n.&vt. 援救，营救典例赏析1). The police came to his rescue and pulled him out of the river. 警察来救他，把他从河里拉了出来。2). The rescue team made countless rescues during the earthquake
17、. 营救队在这次地震期间进行了无数次救援。3). Michael rescued a boy from drowning. 迈克把溺水的男孩救了起来。自主探究rescue sb./ sth. from sb./ sp. come to/ go to sbs rescue = rescue sb. a rescue team 救援队a rescue mission 救援任务 rescue workers 救援人员即学即练用rescue的适当形式填空1). The mother, along with her two children, _from the sinking boat by a pa
18、ssing ship.2). The firemen _ five children from the burning house yesterday. 8.All hope was not lost. 典型例句All the students do not know how to deal with the problem. = Not all the students know how to deal with the problem. I dont know all of them. Both of the students dont like the story. Everyone d
19、oesnt like the story. = Not everyone likes the story. 自主探究表示“全体”意义的词 “ , , , , ” 等和否定副词not连用时表部分否定。而“none, neither, nobody, nothing” 等表完全否定。如：Nobody likes the story. Neither of the students likes the story. 即学即练中译英1). 并非这两个学生这个故事。_2). 这两个学生都不喜欢这个故事。_9. The army organized teams to dig out those who w
20、ere trapped and to bury the dead.Bury v. 埋葬，掩藏 She _beside her husbands grave.她被安葬在丈夫的坟旁。 The paper _under a pile of book.那份文件被掩藏在一堆书下面。 She _thought. 她陷入沉思。 He _his books. 他埋头读书。常用短语be buried inbury oneself in 埋头于，专心于。10. a (great) number of 许多，大量的 （后跟可数名词复数，谓语动词用复数）eg: _许多学生反对这个计划。归纳拓展many, a grea
21、t good many, hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, (quite) a few + 可数名词复数 much, a great deal of, (quite) a little + 不可数名词 plenty of, a lot of, lots of + 可数名词复数不可数名词即学即练The number of people invited 50, but a number of them absent.A. was; was B. was; were C. were; was D. were; were Period 3 Grammar定
22、语从句-关系代词的用法一 定语从句的概念1.在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。2.引导定语从句的词有两种:关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等,关系副词有where ,why, when等。3.关系代词和关系副词处在先行词和定语从句之间,有三个作用：1连接主从句(引导定语从句)2.指代先行词3在定语从句中做句子成分。4.定语从句一般位于先行词后面。二 关系代词的用法1 who的用法who引导定语从句时，在从句中做主语或宾语，（做宾语时可省）先行词是人。This is the man who helped
23、 me out of trouble. 他就是那个帮我解决困难的人。I dont know the woman who you spoke to just now. 我不认识那个刚才你与她交谈的妇女。2 whom的用法whom引导定语从句时，在从句中做宾语，（可省）先行词是人。The doctor whom/who you are looking for is in the room. 你找的那个医生在房间里。Shes a girl with whom you can talk freely. 她是一个你可以与之随便交流的姑娘。注意whom 引导定语从句时不能用作从句的主语。 whom 可以构
24、成“介词+whom”引导定语从句3 whose 用法whose引导定语从句时，在从句中做定语，意思为：“。的”，表示所属关系，其先行词可以是人，也可以是物。Hes living in a room whose window faces the east. 他住在一个窗户朝东的房间里。The boy whose spoken English is excellent draws our attention.那个英语口语极好的男孩引起了我们的注意。知识拓展“whose+n”引导的定语从句相当于“the+n+of+which/whom”或“of which/whom+the+n.”引导的定语从句.P
25、lease pass me the book whose cover is yellow and black.=please pass me the book the cover of which is yellow and black.请把那本封面是黑黄相间的书递给我。.We saw some people whose car had broken down.= We saw some people the car of whom had broken down.4 that 与which的用法that和which 在它们引导的定语从句中做主语或宾语，（做宾语时可省）that的先行词既可以是
26、人，也可以是物，which的先行词是物。They finally reached a storehouse that/which used to be a church.他们最后到了一个曾经是一个教堂的仓库那里。I have been keeping the presents that/which he sent me. 我一直保存着他送给我的礼物注意在下列情况which和that 不能换用1只用that不用which的情况： 先行词是人时We all like the new teacher that teaches us English. 我们都喜欢教我们英语的那位新老师 先行词是不定代词
27、all,few,little,much,many,some,something,nothing,anything,everything等时。All that we have to do is to practise every day. 我们所必须做的是就是每天练习。I ll do everything that I can(do) to help you. 我将尽一切努力来帮助你 当先行词被all, few, little, the only, any, no, the very等修饰时。Every means that had been tried proved to be useless
28、. 尝试过的每一种方法都被证明是无用的Ive read all the books that you gave me. 我已经读了你给我的所有的书。He is the very man that I am looking for. 当先行词被序数词和形容词最高级修饰时The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten. 我将永远不会忘记我的第一堂课。Its the most interesting book that I ve ever read. 这是我曾经读过的最有趣的书 当先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of th
29、ings and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈起了他们所记得的学校里面的人和事。 当the way做先行词且引导词在从句中做状语时,引导词用that或in which,也可省略。I hate the way (that)/ (in which) he talks to his wife. 我讨厌他和他妻子说话的方式。 一些以which/who开头的特殊疑问句,为了避免重复，用that引导。Which is the book that you want?Who is the child that lost his key? 关系代词
30、在定语从句中作表语时(只限于限定性定语从句)He is not the person that he was 30 years ago.注意 that和who的先行词都是人，但有时只用whoHe who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。A sports fan is someone who loves to play or watch sports.Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助
31、。总结：先行词是人称代词 someone/anyone等指人的不定代词 those/one/ones指人时注意定语从句中谓语动词的单复数 Do you know the boy who is (be) standing under the tree? Do you know the boys who are (be) standing under the tree?总结：如果关系代词在定语从句中作主语,谓语动词要与主语保持一致.She is one of the students who have (have) been to Beijing.She is the only one of th
32、e students who has (have) been to Beijing.5、as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)(1) 如为限制性的，多用于the same as ; the same as；such as ; as many/much as；so as等结构中。如：1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。 Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语,
33、 先行词是same.)2比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in. Im wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句） Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）(2) 如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点。（动词常为know, see, expect, poin
34、t out, etc.）1. As we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as 作宾语)=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to ones health . （as 作主语）=Its known to all that smoking is harmful to ones health .或:Smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）或: Smoking, as we all know, is harmful t
35、o one health.2.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)三、. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：1. 形式上，非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。2. 语法上，非限制性定语从句一般不用that.3. 语义上，限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密，起限定作用，如果去掉了这个定语从句，整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思；而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密，对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。1).This is the book I like best. 这就是我最喜欢的那本书。2).Beijing,
36、which has been Chinas capital for more than 800 years , is rich in cultural and historic relics. 北京是中国八百年之久的古都，它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。4. 翻译时，限制性定语从句可译为一句（较短的一般译为的字结构）；而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。（见上句翻译）比较: He has a sister, who is a musician. He has a sister who is a musician.定语从句练习一、选择题1. Do you know the girl _ is talkin
37、g with your mother?A. whoB. whichC. whoseD. / 2. This is the kite _ Billy Fisher gave to TomA. whoB. whichC. / D. Both B and C 3. He was the only one _ was saved in the earthquake. A. whoB. thatC. whichD. A and B 4. This is the only present _ I like. A. whoB. that C. whichD. B and C5. This is the mo
38、st beautiful place _ I have ever seen. A. whichB. whoC. whereD. / 6. All _ I can do is to give him some money. A. thatB. whichC. who D. what 7. Is there anything else _ you need? A. whichB. that C. who D. what 8. The museum _ we visited last week isnt far from here.A. where B. which C. whatD. who 9.
39、 Where is the scientist _ gave us the talk yesterday?A. which B. that C. what D. / 10. Most of the people _ lost their lives in the earthquake are Sichuan natives. A. when B. who C. how D. which 11. Do you think most students prefer tests _ have easy questions?A. who B. where C. whenD. that 12. My mum prefers music _ quiet and gentle. A. that are B. that is C. which hasD. whose is 13.