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1、专题03 阅读理解（人物传记类）【母题来源一】 【2019浙江卷，A】Zachariah Fike has an unusual hobby. He finds old military(军队的)medals for sale in antique stores and on the Internet.But unlike most collectors, Zac tracks down the medals rightful owners, and returns them.His effort to reunite families with lost medals began with
2、a Christmas gift from his mother, a Purple Heart with the name Corrado A. G. Piccoli, found in an antique shop. Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Heart-he earned one himself in a war as a soldier. So when his mother gave him the medal, he knew right away what he had to do.Through the Internet, Zac t
3、racked down Corrados sister Adeline Rockko. But when he finally reached her, the woman flooded him with questions: Who are you？What antique shop？ However, when she hung up, she regretted the way she had handled the call. So she called Zac back and apologized. Soon she drove to meet Zac in Watertown,
4、 N.Y. At that point, I knew she meant business, Zac says. To drive eight hours to come to see me.The Piccolis grew up the children of Italian immigrants in Watertown. Corrado, a translator for the Army during WWII, was killed in action in Europe.Before hearing from Zac, Adeline hadnt realized the me
5、dal was missing. Like many military medals, the one Zacs mother had found was a family treasure. This medal was very precious to my parents. Only on special occasions(场合)would they take it out and let us hold it in our hands, Adeline says.As a child, Adeline couldnt understand why the medal was so s
6、ignificant. “But as I grew older,” Adeline says, and missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left. Corrado Piccolis Purple Heart medal now hangs at the Italian American Civic Association in Watertown.Zac recently returned another lost medal to a family in Alabama.
7、Since he first reunited Corrados medal, Zac says his record is now 5 for 5.21. Where did Zac get a Purple Heart medal for himself？A. In the army.B. In an antique shop.C. From his mother.D. From Adeline Rockko.22. What did Zac realize when Adeline drove to meet him？A. She was very impolite.B. She was
8、 serious about the medal.C. She suspected his honesty.D. She came from a wealthy family.23. What made Adeline treasure the Purple Heart?A. Her parents advice.B. Her knowledge of antiques.C. Her childhood dream.D. Her memory of her brother.【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。Zachariah Fike有一个不同寻常的业余爱好：他在网上和古董店里寻找旧的军队勋章，然后
9、将这些勋章归还它们的合法主人。文章主要叙述了他这一爱好的起源。21.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Zac knows the meaning of a Purple Hearthe earned one himself in a war as a soldier”可知，当Zac还是一名士兵的时候，在一次战争中他获得了一枚Purple Heart。故A选项正确。22.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的“To drive eight hours to come to see me”可以推知，Adeline为了那枚Purple Heart开车八个小时来见Zac，由此可知，她对于这件事是
10、认真地。因此，At that point, I knew she meant business应该指的是Zac意识到Adeline对这枚勋章是认真的。故B选项正确。23.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Corrado, a translatorwas killed in action in Europe”和倒数第三段中的“as I grew olderand missed my brother more and more, I realized that was the only thing we had left ”这枚勋章寄托了Adeline对于去世的哥哥Corrado的回忆和思念
11、，这是他们家留下的唯一关于哥哥的东西了。因此她很珍惜这枚勋章。故D选项正确。 【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】记叙文类文章描述的是一件具体事情的发生、发展和结局，通常有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些文章是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些文章是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。从总体上来讲，文章的难度通常不大，在阅读过程中，我们一直在某个线索的引导下，随着作者的思路去了解一个故事或一件事情的始末，因此会感到比较轻松。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度
12、、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。阅读此类文章应特别注意：（1）若是一般故事性文章，应读懂故事的发生，发展，高潮和结局；（2）若是哲理故事，要理解故事所蕴含的哲理意义；（3）若是 逸闻趣事，应体会对话的风趣性，进而才能感受幽默的精髓。【得分要点】高考阅读理解体裁纷繁多样，但每套试卷通常包含一到两篇记叙文。在所有的阅读体裁中，记叙文的难度相对是比较低的。如果掌握了阅读的技巧，多多实践，阅读能力就有可能大大提高。要熟练掌握记叙文的阅读技巧，了解记叙文的写作特点与命题特点也是有必要的。一、记叙文写作特点 记叙文是一种记载和叙述事件由来，描绘事物和人物情景状态、过
13、程及发展的文体。消息、通讯、传记、游记、小说、童话、寓言以及记叙性的散文等文体，都属于记叙文的范畴。 就写作顺序而言，记叙文要么是按时间顺序，要么是按事件的重要性的顺序来展开。不管是哪种叙述方法，最后经常会有一两句话抒发作者的情绪与感悟，这是记叙文的精华所在，也是阅读的难点所在，可谓一篇之妙，在于落句。二、记叙文命题特点 从命题形式上看，常见的有细节理解、词义猜测、主旨大意、推理判断、作者意图等题型。除了推论或词义辨识题，记叙文命题的顺序一般都会按照文章的脉络和故事发展的顺序层层推进，否则就会觉得别扭，逻辑不通。同时，记叙文需要事件的发展过程作支撑，一半以上的题目都会用来检测考生对故事的了解，
14、因此，我们必须弄明白整件事情的发展脉络。而其余像主旨大意、作者意图之类的题目，则取决于文章的落句，集中考查对作者所发的感触的理解。总之，细节题是记叙文命题的主流题型。而寓意之类的题则是高一层次的题，有一定的难度和区分度，它们是拉开距离的题，答对了这些题，你才有可能成功地跻身高分之列。综上所述，记叙文的应对策略即：不漏细节，奠定基础；把准寓意，方能成功。三、记叙文答题技巧 一把钥匙开一把锁。要解答好记叙文阅读理解题，就应该有一套针对性强的方法和技巧。下面是我们在阅读教学中积累下来的一点心得体会，希望能对大家有所帮助。No.1 顺藤摸瓜 记叙文中有大量的事件发展过程中的细节，包括记叙文的5W（wh
15、at, who, when, where, why）要素。因此我们作答细节题的时候，就没有那么复杂，一般只需要由前到后，从上到下，一题一题地做就可以了。No.2 左顾右盼 在做题过程中，我们大都不能在文中找到与题干一字不差的词语或句子。这时我们需要认真研究问题，抓住题干中的关键词语，然后到文中准确地找到与之相关的语句，或是疑似语句的位置，接着去左顾，或右盼，在前句或后句寻找线索。No.3 刨根问底 如前所述，主旨大意题或推理判断、作者意图题等实际上是同一类型的问题，或者说是可用同种方法解答的题型。在解答此类题目的时候，不可被题干的表象所迷惑，要像剥洋葱一样，一层一层地剥；在四个可选项中，一个一
16、个地去证实，去排除。特别是解答推论或暗指类的题目，比如What can be inferred from ?或是What does the author imply in?之类的题目，文中所陈述的往往不是答案。我们要在文前文后去查找，在字里行间里去寻觅。有时还少不了借助自己的生活经验和常理来体会这言外之意。No.4 拨云见日 每年的高考阅读题中，特别是记叙文的阅读题，都会出现一至两道词义猜测题。而这些词汇往往是你素昧平生的，或者和你有点头之交，在文中却另有新意的，总之，猜的是那些在高考词汇表要求之外的词汇。小小的一个词，一个短语，考核的不是你的语法的熟练程度，也不是你的记忆力，而是你对文章通篇
17、或者一个段落的整体把握和变通能力。这时，你不仅需要左顾右盼，还需要在几句话，一个段落，乃至整篇文章的字里行间中快速搜寻，看看前面、后面都发生了些什么；反复琢磨人物、事物，或者人物与事物之间的内在联系，才可能在最后拨开团团迷雾，从四个选项中选出正确答案。【精准对接】 文章和高考题相似度很高。【母题1】【江西师范大学附属中学2019届高三三模】At the age of 14, James Harrison had a major chest operation and he required 13 units (3.4 gallons) of blood afterwards. The bloo
18、d donations saved his life, and he decided that once he turned 18, he would begin donating blood as regularly as he could.More than 60 years and almost 1,200 donations later, Harrison, whose blood contains an antibody(抗体) that has saved the lives of 2.4 million babies from miscarriages (流产), retired
19、 as a blood donor on May 11. Harrisons blood is valuable because he naturally produces Rh-negative blood, which contains Rh-positive antibodies. His blood has been used to create anti-D in Australia since 1967.“Every bottle of anti-D ever made in Australia has James in it,” Robyn Barlow, the Rh prog
20、ram director told the Sydney Morning Herald. “Its an amazing thing. He has saved millions of babies. I cry just thinking about it.” Since then, Harrison has donated between 500 and 800 milliliters of blood almost every week. Hes made 1,162 donations from his right arm and 10 from his left.“Id keep g
21、oing if they let me,” Harrison told the Herald. His doctors said it was time to stop the donations and they certainly dont take them lightly. They had already extended the age limit for blood donations for him, and theyre cutting him off now to protect his health. He made his final donation surround
22、ed by some of the mothers and babies who his blood helped save.Harrisons retirement is a blow to the Rh treatment program in Australia. Only 160 donors support the program, and finding new donors has proven to be difficult. But Harrisons retirement from giving blood doesnt mean hes completely out of
23、 the game. Scientists are collecting and cataloging his DNA to create a library of antibodies and white blood cells that could be the future of the anti-D program in Australia.1. What do we know about James Harrison?A. He saved 2.4 million poor people.B. He is to retire as a blood donor.C. He is a v
24、ery grateful blood donor.D. He donates blood nearly every day.2. What is the authors purpose of writing Paragraph 4?A. To state Harrisons decision to continue donating blood.B. To describe how Harrisons donations come to an end.C. To introduce some babies saved by Harrisons blood.D. To praise Harris
25、on for his cooperation with the doctors.3. What can we infer from the passage about Harrison?A. After his retirement, the Rh program will fail.B. New donors are easy to find in a short time.C. He continues to contribute to the Rh program.D. His DNA is kept in a library for future study.4. Which of t
26、he following can be the best title for the text?A. A Unique Man with a Rare Blood TypeB. The Blood Saving Millions of BabiesC. A Special Blood producerD. The Man with the Golden Arm【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。短文叙述了一位澳大利亚男子在他14岁时，因为他的病，急需要血液，别人帮他输血救了他的生命，他决定一旦年满18岁，就开始尽可能定期献血。他一直捐献自己极其罕见的血液来救别人，60多年里，献血将近1200次，救了2
27、40万婴儿的生命。1.C 【解析】推理判断题。由第一段“he decided that once he turned 18, he would begin donating blood as regularly as he could.”以及第二段“More than 60 years and almost 1,200 donations later, Harrison, whose blood contains an antibody(抗体) that has saved the lives of 2.4 million babies from miscarriages ”可知，他决定一旦年
28、满18岁，就开始尽可能定期献血。60多年内，他献血将近1200次。他的血液中含有一种抗体，这种抗体挽救了240万婴儿的生命。所以哈里森兑现了他14岁许下的诺言，60多年内，他献血将近1200次。挽救了240万婴儿的生命。故通过关键词“begin donating blood as regularly，60 years，1,200 donations，save”可以判断出，哈里森是个非常感恩的献血者。故C选项正确。2.B 【解析】推理判断题。由第四段“His doctors said it was time to stop the donations and they certainly don
29、t take them lightly. They had already extended the age limit for blood donations for him, and theyre cutting him off now to protect his health. He made his final donation surrounded by some of the mothers and babies who his blood helped save”可知，他的医生说，是时候停止捐赠了，他们当然不会轻易接受。他们已经延长了他献血的年龄限制，现在为了保护他的健康，他要
30、停止献血。他做了最后一次捐赠，他的血液挽救了一些母亲和婴儿的生命。所以通过医生所说的话，可以判断出，第四段的目的是描述哈里森的献血是如何结束的。故B选项正确。3.C 【解析】推理判断题。由最后一段“But Harrisons retirement from giving blood doesnt mean hes completely out of the game. Scientists are collecting and cataloging his DNA to create a library of antibodies and white blood cells that coul
31、d be the future of the anti-D program in Australia.”可知，但是，哈里森从献血退休并不意味着他完全退出了，科学家们正在收集和编目他的DNA，以建立一个抗体和白血球库，这可能是澳大利亚抗-D计划的未来。所以尽管哈里森已经退休，但他并不是完全退出，因为围绕着他血液的研究会一直进行下去，所以哈里森会继续为Rh项目做出贡献。故C选项正确。4.D 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，短文叙述了一位澳大利亚男子在他14岁时，因为他的病，急需血液，别人帮他输血救了他的生命，他决定一旦年满18岁，就开始尽可能定期献血。他一直捐献自己极其罕见的血液来救别人，60多
32、年里，献血将近1200次，救了超过二百万婴儿的故事。所以短文主要在叙述一位有极其珍贵的手臂的人，是这样的手臂输出的血液，救了这么多的人。故短文的最佳标题为“一位有极其珍贵的手臂的人”。故D选项正确。【母题2】【晋冀鲁豫中原名校2019年高三第三次联考】Dutch designer Daan Roosegaarde has spent much of his time seeking artistic solutions(解决方案)to solve our environmental problems. His past projects include Bioluminescent(生物发光)
33、Trees to light streets, a Smog-Free Tower to clean Beijings polluted air. and Gates of Light. which uses the headlamps of passing cars to light up the 60 floodgates of the Afsluitdijk, a major dam in the Netherlands. Now, he is hoping to use his skills to solve a pressing global problem-space junk!S
34、cientists guess that there are over 500，000 bits of large rubbish. To deal with the problem, Roosegaarde intends to achieve his goal by educating the public about the need of the situation and coming up with possible solutions. The plan. called the Space Waste Lab. started in October 2018 with a las
35、er(激光)show in the Netherlands. The unique outdoor artwork of LEDs used real-time tracking information to point at pieces of space junk floating at altitudes of 200 to 20,000 kilometers. The experience was designed to make the public know more about how much space junk there are.To find a solution, t
36、he designer has been thinking with experts. One of the projects being considered is Shooting Stars，which attempts to reintroduce the trash to the atmosphere in a controlled way. Upon reentry. the waste would burn in the atmosphere like a shooting star. Roosegaarde envisages that if successful .burni
37、ng space trash could someday replace fireworks at large public events!In September 2018。the RemoveDEBRIS satellite successfully sent a net to catch a target while orbiting at an altitude of about 300 kilometers(190 miles). Sometime this year. the capsule will set free a harpoon that has been designe
38、d to remove space trash. At the end of its task，RemoveDEBRIS will let go a sail to bring the satellite itself. and. hopefully some trash, back into the atmosphere. where it will burn up.1. What can we infer about Daan Roosegaarde?A. He is too aggressive to put forward good plans.B. He is creative in
39、 solving environmental problems.C. He is fond of spending all of his time seeking art skills.D. He is sensitive to art reflected in environmental projects.2. Why was a laser show held in October 2018?A. To confirm real-time information about space trash.B. To show the great beauty of LEDs to common
40、people.C. To raise public awareness of the amount of space trash.D. To inspire people to consider the solution to space trash.3. What does the underlined word envisage in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Suspect.B. Demand.C. Advise.D. Imagine.4. What is the function of a sail?A. Bringing the satellite t
41、o atmosphere to burn.B. Keeping trash traveling along its own orbit.C. Taking the satellite away from atmosphere.D. Removing space trash out of the capsule.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了一位荷兰设计师试图通过艺术形式有创意地解决太空垃圾问题。1.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“His past projects includeBioluminescent(生物发光)Trees to light streets, a Smog
42、Free Tower to clean Beijing s polluted air, and Gates of Light, which uses the headlamps of passing cars to light up the floodgates of the Afsluitdijk, a major dam in the Netherlands”可知,他过去的项目包括点亮街道的生物发光树，净化北京污染空气的雾霾净化塔以及荷兰一座大坝的防洪闸，由此可知，丹罗斯加德在解决环境问题上很有创造力，故B项正确。2.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“The unique outdoor
43、 artwork of LET used real-time tracking information to point at pieces of space junk floating at altitudes of 200 to 20,000 kilometers The experience was designed to make the public know more about how much space junk there are”可知,举办这个激光秀的目的是提高公众对太空垃圾数量的认识，故C项正确。3.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“.if successful,
44、 burning space trash could someday replace fireworks at large public events!”可知,丹罗斯加德的设想,如果成功的话，焚烧太空垃圾有一天会取代大型活动中的烟火，由此可知画线词为“设想、想象”，故D项正确。4.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段“At the end of its task, RemoveDEBRIS will let go a sail to bring the satellite itself, and, hopefully some trash, back into the atmosphere, where it will burn up.”可知,在帆的作用是在任务结束时将卫星带入到大气层中自动焚毁，故A项正确。