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1、专题07 阅读理解（议论类）【母题来源一】【2019天津卷，D】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he dete
2、rmines to write a book.The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（堂吉诃德）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their
3、days，while others go to seed long before？Weve all known people who run out of steam before they reach lifes halfway mark. Im not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We cant all get there. Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed att
4、itudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the opportunities
5、 are everywhere.The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we cant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually rel
6、axing.With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to
7、 some moral concept.Many of us equate（视等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the worl
8、d better just by being the kind of people they are. Theyve learned lifes most valuable lesson.51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_.A. loss of freedom stimulates ones creativityB. age is not a barrier to achieving ones goalC. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
9、D. disability cannot stop a mans pursuit of success52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？A. End ones struggle for liberty.B. Waste ones energy taking risks.C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.D. Lose the interest to continue learning.53. What could be inferred from Paragraph
10、4？A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？A. A tough man can tolerate suffering
11、.B. A wise man can live without self-pityC. A man should try to satisfy people around him.D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life55. What is the authors purpose in writing the passage？A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.B. To stress the need of shouldering respons
12、ibilities at work.C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。51.B 【解析】推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹圄，在53岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作唐吉柯德，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。5
13、2.D 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段Im talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam可知，停止学习，故选D。53.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段we lose the sense of wonder. B
14、ut, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。54. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we cant change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love usa
15、n idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。55.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。【母题来源二】 【2019江苏卷，C】Who cares if people think wrongly that t
16、he Internet has had more important influences than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of peoples opinions. However, they have real impacts, as they result in misguided use of s
17、carce resources.The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so yesterday that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in post-industrial society has led those
18、 countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the international community to worry about the digital divide between the rich countries and the poor cou
19、ntries. This has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging well
20、s, extending electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved peoples lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have ru
21、shed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so rev
22、olutionary that now we live in a borderless world. As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back. Believing in such a
23、world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the national and the international levels, a
24、nd for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all sorts of wrong directions.61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to _.A. a lack of c
25、onfidence in technologyB. a slow progress in technologyC. a conflict of public opinionsD. a waste of limited resources62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should _.A. take peoples essential needs into accountB. make their programmes attractive to peopleC. ensure that each child gets
26、 financial supportD. provide more affordable internet facilities63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.B. Believing that the world has become borderless.C. Ignoring the power of economic development.D. Over-emphasizing th
27、e role of international communication.64. What can we learn from the passage?A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.D. Economic policies should follow technological trend
28、s.【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，讲述对信息技术的过分迷恋对国家，对个人，对慈善事业都会有不利的影响。61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段However, they have reak impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources. 可知，对信息技术的错误判断会导致有限资源的错误使用，也就是资源的浪费，故选D。62.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段Perhaps giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extendi
29、ng electricity networks and making more affordable washing machines would have improved peoples lives more than giving every child a laptop computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more important, but many donators have rushed into
30、fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.可知，与其给那些贫困地区孩子笔记本电脑或者建网络中心，还不如给钱打井，铺电网或者生产他们买得起的洗衣机，这些东西更能改善他们的生活。作者不是说这些东西一定更重要，但是很多捐赠者没有仔细考虑捐赠的东西的长期成本，因此作者建议捐赠者要考虑接受捐赠的人的实际情况，而不是一味地追求信息化，故选A。63.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第五段In yet anothe
31、r example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a borderless world. 以及Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary re
32、gulations on cross-border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.可知，对新东西的迷恋让人们认为如今通讯技术和交通的变革让我们生活在一个无国界的世界。正是认为我们生活在这样一个世界，很多政府取消了关于跨国界的资本、劳动力以及商品流动的法律法规，故选B。64.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the Inter
33、net, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so yesterday that they should try to live on ideas. This belief in post-industrial society has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.可知，对互联网呈现的通讯技术变革的迷恋让很多
34、富裕国家做出一个错误的结论，制造产品已经过时了，他们应该靠创意生活，因而忽略了制造业，从而对经济造成不利影响，故可知传统的技术依然传统的技术依然有它的地位，不能新兴的信息技术取代，故选B。【命题意图】 阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。【考试方向】 议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方(甲方)，反方(乙方)，我认为 写法二：
35、提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三：论点，理由(证据)，重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。注意事项：1. 避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。(要求每一道题回到原文去找答案)2. 要先看题目，后读文章。(与先读文章，后看题目的比较)高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案
36、。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。3. 阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：(1)标志类、指示类的信息。表示并列关系：and, also, coupled with等；表示转折关系：but, yet, however, by contrast等；表示因果关系：therefore, thereby, consequently, as a result等；表示递进关系：in addition to, even, whats more, furthermore等；表示重要性的词：prime, above all, first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。(2)具有感情色彩、显示作者
37、态度的词：blind盲目的(贬), excessively过分的(贬), objective(客观)等。4. 常见问题：(1)读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconscious incompetent (无意识无能力)属于问题认知的第一阶段；conscious incompetent (有意识无能力)属于问题认知的第二阶段；conscious competent (有意识有能力)属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconscious competent (无意识有能力)属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。(
38、2)读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？(3)做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？(4)做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【得分要点】解答议论类阅读理解试题，可以从以下几个方面着手考虑：作者在开始叙述一个现象，然后对现象进行解释。这类文章的主题是文中最重要的解释或作者所强调的解释，阅读时要注意作者给出的原因，所以又被称为原因结果(Cause & Effect)型。还有一种比较常见的是问题答案型，作者在一开始或一段末以问句提出一个问题(相当于一个现象)，然后给出该问题的答案(相
39、当于解释)。针对文中问题给出的主要答案就是这种文章的中心。这里强调一点，答题时优先考虑正面答题(直接从文章内容得出答案)，然后从中心、态度或利用解答特征等其他角度对选项进行检验；如果从文章内容中直接无法解决，则从中心和态度方面考虑；次之，从解答特征方面考虑。考生往往最怕此类体裁。山穷水尽时，记住：首先从整体上把握文章中心和作者所持的态度，靠近中心的就是答案。解题方法： 1. 把握文章的论点、论据和论证。此外，还要把握文章的结构和语言。 2. 互推法：在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。考生在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理
40、出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。 3. 推理法：推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。【母题1】【湖南省长沙市雅礼中学2019届高三一模】 Laughter is part of the universal human vocabulary. All members of the human species understand it. Unlike English
41、or French or Swahili, we dont have to learn to speak it. Were born with the capacity to laugh.Very little is known about the specific brain mechanisms responsible for laughter. Contrary to folk wisdom, most laughter is not about humor; it is about relationships. To find out when and why people laugh
42、, I went with several assistants to local malls and recorded what happened just before people laughed. Over a 10-year period, we studied over 2,000 cases of naturally occurring laughter.We found that most laughter does not necessarily follow jokes. People may laugh after a variety of statements, suc
43、h as, “Here comes Mary,” “How did you do on the test?” or “Do you have a rubber band?” These certainly arent jokes.We believe laughter evolved from the panting (喘气的) behavior of our ancient ancestors. Today, if we tickle (使发痒) chimps, they dont laugh. But, instead, they produce a panting sound. That
44、s the sound of ape laughter, and its the root of human laughter.Apes laugh in the kinds of situations that lead to human laughter, like games that involve chasing. Other animals produce sounds during play, but they are so different from laughter. Rats, for example, produce high sounds during play an
45、d when tickled, but these are very different in sound from human laughter.Laughter is often positive, but it can be negative too. Theres a difference between “laughing with” and “laughing at”. People who laugh at others may be trying to drive them out of the group.No one has actually counted how muc
46、h people of different ages laugh, but young children probably laugh the most. At ages 5 and 6 we probably laugh more than at any other times. Adults laugh less than children, probably because they play less.Work now underway will tell us more about the brain mechanisms behind laughter, how it has ev
47、olved, and why were so susceptible to tickling.1. What was the purpose of the decades research?A. To prove that people laugh because of humour.B. To find out the real reason for people s laughter.C. To research people s different reaction on jokes.D. To record conversations among shoppers in malls.2
48、. What can we learn from the text?A. People who play more tend to laugh more.B. Apes produce high sounds when tickled.C. Scientists know the brain mechanisms responsible for laughter well.D. The situations in which apes laugh are very different from those in which humans laugh.3. What does the underlined word “susceptible” in the last paragraph probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. Flexible.C. Addictive.D. Reliable.4. Which of the following might be the