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1、1 初三英语语法知识专题复习一、名词一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类.专有名词：用来表示某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。如Marx、Beijing、USA 等，其中的实词第一个字母要大写。如the Great Wall等。二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。1、可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）:（1）单数（前加a 或 an 表“一”）;(2)复数（词尾加“-s”或“-es”）。其规则如下：A.规则变化：（1、以 s、x、sh、ch 结尾的，加-es/iz/;如 boxes,glasses,watches,brushes 等；（2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，
2、变y 为 i,加-es;如 families,babies,countries等；（3 以 f、fe 结尾的，变f、fe 为 v,加-es;如 knives,wives,halves 等；（4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的，加-es;如 potatoes,tomatoes 等，但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如 pianos,kilo(kilogram)kilos,photo(photograph)photos.而 zero zeros/zeroes.(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/，如 desks,maps 等，浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如 apples,holidays,boys。但 hous
3、es/hauziz/,mouths/mau z/.B.不 规 则 变 化（child-children man-men woman-women policeman-policemen footfeet tooth-teeth mouse-mice）（复数名词:people police shoes public clothes）（1、单数、复数形式相同的：sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese 等。（2、表示民族、国家的名词，除Chinese,Japanese 的复数不变，Englishman,Frenchman的复数变-man为-men 外，其余的均在词尾加-s.如
4、 Americans,Germans,Russians,Australians(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表).(3、复合名词复数的构成方法在中心词上加-s 或-es,如：pencil-boxes.在 第 二 个 组 成 部 分 上 加-s 或-es,如：boy-friends,tooth-brushes 等.含性别的复合词，两部分都变为复数，如：man-teacher men-teachers,woman-driver women-drivers.2、不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）：不能以数目来计算的名词。如 water,meat,rice,air,food,time,work,b
5、read 等等。它们只有单数形式，不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。只能用“of 词组”来表达。如“五块肉”five pieces of meat，“三袋小麦”three bags of wheat，“四则新闻”four pieces of news.3、可数名词和不可数名词的转换：如：chicken,c“小鸡”，u“鸡肉”；fish,c“鱼”，u“鱼肉”，orange,c“橘子”，u“橙汁”，paper,c“试卷、论文”，u“纸张”，time,c“次数”，u“时间”等等。三、名词的所有格（含义“的”）1、基本构成方法：(1)以 s 结尾的名词，其所有格只加“”。如 the stu
6、dents teacher the twins bedroom.但以 s 结尾的单数名词，也可在词尾加“s”。如 Rosss bag.(2)其他情况加“s”。如：Janes father，Women s Day2、其他规则：（1）并列名词的所有格：共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-s,如：Kate and Joan s room.分别所有，则在每个名词词尾加-s,如 Kates and Joan s.（2）表示无生命的事物名词，一般用of 表示所属关系。如:the map of China,the legs of the table.（3）双重所有格：用 of 结构与名词所有格-s结合构成双
7、重所有格：a friend of my fathers,one book of his brother s.用 of 结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格：a pen of mine,a neighbour of his.（4）表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-s形式：an hour s walk,yesterday news,China s population,twenty minutes walk.（5）可用-s表示店铺、某人家：the Greens,my uncle s.典例（）1.This is _ news.A.such a good B.a very good C.such
8、good（）2._ knowledge of space develops very quickly.A.People s B.Man s C.Men s（）3.The number of people invited to the party _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.was/were B.was/was C.were/were（）4.“Would you like _?”“_,please.”A.a drink/A coffee B.drink/A cup of coffee C.a cup
9、drink/A cup coffee（）5.Two thirds of the work _ done.A.are B.is C.have（）6.The rich _ not always happy.A.is B.have C.are 国家人民语言America American English England Englishman English France Frenchman French Germany German German Japan Japanese Japanese China Chinese Chinese Canada Canadian English,French
10、名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 25 页 -2（）7.She is the only one of the _ writers who _ stories for children.A.woman/writes B.women/writes C.women/write（）8.I met him at _.A.Mr.Green s B.the Greens C.Greens（）9.Playing football is _.A.a great fun B.great funs C.great fun（）10.The sheep on the hill _ their
11、s.They are all white.A.is B.was C.are 提高训练一、用所给名词的正确形式填空：1.My shirt is much cheaper than _.(John)2.The girl in red is _(Tom and Kate)3.The _(Brown)are watching TV now.4.Our school is about ten _(minute)walk.5.March 8 is _(woman day).6.Who won the _(boy)400-_(meter)race?7.This is _(today)newspaper.8.
12、There are twenty-five _(man)workers in my factory.9.I like _(chicken)very much.They re lovely.So I never eat _(chicken).10.Although he is a thirty-_(year old)man,you can see few _(hair)on the head.二、冠词一、冠词的种类：不定冠词a(an),定冠词 the。冠词不能单独使用，必须置于名词前。二、不定冠词的用法：一般用于单数名词前，表泛指。其中a 用于读音以辅音开头的词前，an 用于读音以元音开头的词前
13、。如:a basketball,a university,an hour,an apple.1、表示第一次提到的人或物。如：(1)I bought a new book.(2)He met an old woman on the way to school.2、表示人或物的某一类。如：(1)I m a boy.(2)Would you like an orange?3、表示数量“一”，但没有 one 强。如：(1)She has a pencil.(侧重 pencil,而非其他物品)(2)She has one pencil.(侧重数量“一支”，而非“两支、三支”)4、表示“每一”，相当于 e
14、very。如：They go to see the old man once a week.5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前，表示“一种”。如：That s a great surprise to her.6、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人、何物。如：A boy is waiting for you.7、用于固定搭配词组中。如：a lot of,a little,a piece of.三、定冠词的用法：定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指，有“this/that或 these/those”之意。1、特指某人或某物。The man under the tree is his fath
15、er.2、指上文提到过的人或物。I bought a new book yesterday.The book is very useful.3、指说话双方都提到过的人或物。A:Where is the dirty sock,Tom?B:Its on the bed,mum.4、表示世界上独一无二的事物。the sun,the moon,the earth.5、用于序数词或形容词最高级前。(1)He is the tallest boy in our class.(2)The first lesson is about English name.6、用于姓氏复数前，表“一家人”。the Blac
16、ks,the Wangs.7、用于单数名词前，表一类人或物。The horse is a useful animal.8、用于固定搭配中：in the morning,all the same,on the right.9、用于专有名词前。the Great Wall,the White House.四、零冠词（不用冠词）1、三餐、球类、学科、语言前。(1)I have supper at school from Monday to Friday.(2)Maths is very important.2、季节、星期、月份、节日前。In spring,on Sunday,in September
17、,Women s Day.3、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前。Japan,milk,music.4、名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词作修饰语时。(1)Come this way.(2)My book is here.5、复数名词表泛指时。They re students,and we re workers.6、在固定搭配中。on foot,at home/work/play,go to school,at night,at sea,in hospital.典例（）1.We often have sports after class,and I like to play _ bask
18、etball.A.a B.an C.the D.不填（）2.What _ fine weather we have these days!A.a B.the C.不填D.an（）3.That s _ useful book.I have read it already.A.the B.an C.不填D.a（）4.This is _song I ve told you about.Isn t it _ beautiful one?A.the/the B.a/a C.the/a D.a/the（）5.Did you do well in _English exam?Yes,I got _“A”.A
19、.the/an B.an/the C.a/不填D.the/a（）6.What can I do for you,madam?I want _ orange skirt for my daughter.Have you got any?A.an B.the C.a D.不填（）7.Pass me _ dictionary next to the radio,and I also need _pen to take some notes.A.a/a B.the/the C.a/the D.the/a（）8.Can I help you,madam?I m looking for _ pair of
20、 shoes for my daughter.A.the B.an C.a D.some（）9.Mr.Smith always gives me _ hand when I am in trouble.A.a B.an C.the D.不填（）10.Where is Xiao Ming?He s having _rest over there.A.a B.an C.the D.不填基础训练（）1._ English is not hard to learn.A.A B.The C.An D.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 25 页 -3（）2._ Greens w
21、ill move to Shanghai.A.The B.A C.D.An（）3.There are twenty-four hours in _ day.A.the B.C.a D.an（）4.English is _ useful language.A.an B.a C.D.the（）5.Tom is _ honest boy.A.the B.a C.an D.（）6._ cup on the table is _old one.A.The/an B.The/a C.A/an D.A/the（）7.You will find _ story on _ eighth page.A./the
22、B.the/an C.a/the D.a/an（）8._ rich are not always happy.A.The B.A C.An D.（）9._ more he eats,_ fatter he gets.A.The/a B.The/the C.A/an D.A/the（）10.Tom s going to Nanjing by _ train.A.a B.an C.the D.（）11.We have _ supper at half past five.A.B.a C.an D.the（）12._old man had two children,_son and _ daught
23、er.A.An/the/the B.A/a/a C.The/the/the D.The/a/a（）13.Both of them join _ League in 1998.They have been _ League members for 4 years.A./B.the/C.the/the D.a/the（）14.March 8this _.A.Women s Day B.the Women s Day C.a Women s Day D.Women s Day（）15.He is now studying _ history of _Party in _ university.A./
24、the/a B.the/the/an C./an D.the/the/a（）16.Wang Fei likes swimming in _ summer.A.a B.the C.D.an 提高训练（完成句子，不必要填的地方划斜线）1.长城横卧在我国的北方。_ Great Wall lies _ _ north of our country.2.大部分中国人都喜欢火锅。_ most Chinese like _ hot pot.3.这是一个关于植树的非常有趣的故事。This is _ _ story about _planting trees.4.王先生一家人正坐在桌边吃晚饭。_ _ are h
25、aving _ supper at table.5.等一等，天在下雨，把伞带上。Wait _ minute.Its raining.Take _umbrella.6.他们匆匆忙忙把受伤的人送到医院。They sent _ wounded to _ hospital in _ hurry.7.快点！时间到了，把卷子交上来吧。_ _!_ time is up._ _ your papers.8.躺着看书对眼睛不好。Reading _ _ is bad for your eyes.9.时间就是金钱，而金钱难买时间。_ time is _money.But _money can t buy _ tim
26、e.10.对不起，请再说一遍，好吗？I beg your pardon._ you _ say it _second time?三、代词一、人称代词人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单数复数单、复数单数复数主格I we you he she it they 宾格me us you him her it them 二、物主代词:有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。形容词性物主代词在句中相当于一个形容词，置于名词之前作定语，即“形容词性物主代词+名词”；名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，即为“形容词性物主代词+名词”。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。如：This book is mine.(mine=
27、my book)数单数复数单、复数单数复数形容词性my our your his her its their 名词性mine ours yours his hers its theirs 三、反身代词:(含义：“自己，亲自，本人”)有人称和数的变化。在句中，常作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。（enjoy oneself=have a good time teach oneself=learn by oneself help oneself t o）单数myself yourself himself herself itself 复数ourselves yourselves themselves 如
28、：(1)God helps those who help themselves.(宾语)(2)He himself went there.(同位语)四、不定代词:不指明特定的人或事物的代词。不定代词有：some,any,no,every,all,both,either,neither,each,none,little,a little,few,a few,another,other,others,many,much等，以及由 some,any,every,no 和 one,thing,body组成的复合不定代词。这些不定代词大多能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但含有 some,any,every,
29、no 的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语。no 和 every 只能作定语。常见不定代词的用法：1、some 和 any:均可作主语、宾语、定语，且指三个或三个以上。some 常用于肯定句中，any 常用于否定句、疑问句中。如：Theres some water in the glass.He doesnt have any 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 25 页 -4 mistakes in his English paper.但：May I ask you some questions?(表力求得到对方的肯定回答)Any of you can answer
30、 it.(“任一”)Does any of you know Mr.Liu?(“任一”)2、few,a few,little,a little:few,a few 均与可数名词复数连用，little,a little与不可数名词连用；few,little表否定，“几乎没有”，a few 和 a little 表肯定，“有一点”。如：There are few people in the station.You have little time to do your work now.Ther ere a few apples and a little meat in the fridge.注意
31、:a few=several/some a little=some/a bit of 3、all,both,none和 neither:all和 none,both 和 neither 分别是一组反义词。all,none 表示三个及其以上，both,neither 表示两者。“all,both+复数名词”,“all/none/both/neither of+复数名词”。如：Both of us know him a little.But neither of us know(s)where he is from.All of my friends met both of my parents.
32、(1)both 和 all 都可以作adj.pron.在句中作定语、主语、宾语。both 用于两者之间，all 用于三者以上。All of us are studying hard.(主语)All books are useful.(定语)We like both.(宾语)注意：A.all,both,each和 every 等与 not 连用表部分否定，完全否定分别用neither 和 none.如:Not both of them are workers.None of the stories is(are)interesting.Not everyone of us know how to
33、 answer the question.B.both,each 用于两者，both+复数名词，each+单数名词。all,every用于三个及三个以上，every 不能与 of.（all/each/both of+every+of）C.each 和 every:each 可作代词、形容词，可作主语、宾语、定语；every 是形容词，作定语。如：Every one of us is here.Each of us has got a book.I like each of them.There are trees each side of the street.(2)no one 和 none
34、:no one作主语时，谓语动词用单数，none 作主语时，谓语动词的形式由none 所代替的名词的数来决定。4、many 和 much:many用于修饰和代替可数名词，much 用于修饰和代替不可数名词。“too many+可数名词的复数形式”,“too much+不可数名词”，“much too=very”。注意:many=a lot of/lots of/a number of much=a lot of/lots of 5、复合不定代词something,anything,nothing等的定语要后置。如：I have something important to tell you.6
35、、another,other,the other和 the others:other 用于表示两个（部分）中的“另一个（部分）”，the other特指两个中“另一个”，常构成“onethe other”结构。the others 指“其余全部”，another 用于表示三个或三个以上的多数中的“另一个”。如：(1)Please show me another pen.(2)He has two sisters.One is a doctor,the other is a nurse.(3)May I have a look at any other photos?(4)There re 55
36、 students in my class.25 are girls,the others are boys.注意:one 指代前文出现过的名词，其复数形式是ones.如：She has got a washing machine.I want to buy one,too.7、either、neither either:(1)作代词，“二者之一，任何一个”。如：Here are two pens.You may use either of them.Either is good.Either will do.(随便哪个都行)Is(Are)either of the boys ready?(2
37、)作形容词，“（二者之中）任何一个”。如：You may sit at either side of the desk.There are many trees on either side of the road.(3)作连词,常构成“either or”,作主语时,谓语动词由or 后面的人称和数决定。如：Either my brothers or my father is coming.Either he or you are wrong.(4)作副词，“也”用于否定句，如：He didn t go swimming,either.He doesn t like English,and I
38、 don t like English,either.注意;肯定式:also（句中）/too（句末）neither:(1)作代词，“二者都不”。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：Neither is good.(=Both are bad.)Neither of the books is interesting.(2)作形容词，“（两者）都不”，与单数名词连用。如：Neither answer is right.(3)作连词，常构成“neither nor”,作主语时,谓语动词由nor 后面的人称和数决定。Neither the students nor the teacher is going
39、to work on the farm.Neither she nor I am going to speak at the meeting.注意:neither nor 反意 both and 五、指示代词：this,that,these,those 均可作主语、宾语、定语。注意:（1）在比较状语从句中常用that 来代替前面出现过的不可数名词或单数的可数名词;用 these 代替复数的可数名词.eg.The population of China is much larger than _that_ of Russia.(2）it 也可作指示代词.Eg（）A latest English
40、newspaper,please!Only one copy left.Would you like to have _,Sir?A.it（指代前面出现的同一名词）B.one 指代前面出现过的同种物或人中的一个）C.this D.that 六、疑问代词：表示疑问。一般用于疑问句或名词性从句。有：who,whom,whose,what,which等。有时也作连接代词，连接主句和从句，并充当从句的句子成分。如：Which do you like,tea or coffee?I don t know whose the book is.典例（）1.Mary,please show _ your pi
41、cture.A.my B.mine C.I D.me（）2.This isn t _ pencil case.I left mine at home.A.my B.me C.I D.myself 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 25 页 -5（）3.Merry Christmas,George!Here is a card for _ with _ best wishes.A.you/our B.us/your C.you/your D.us/our（）4.Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and _?A.she
42、B.I C.his D.me（）5.Which do you prefer,Coffee or milk?_ of them.I like some coca-cola.A.Either B.Both C.Neither D.None 基础训练（）1.If you have no dictionary here,you can use _.A.my B.his C.her D.their（）2.They were all very tired,but _ of them would stop to take a rest.A.any B.some C.none D.neither（）3.It
43、s very kind _ to help us _ the work.A.of you/in B.for her/at C.for you/to D.of him/with（）4.Her parents went there with a friend of _.A.them B.theirs C.they D.themselves（）5.Would you like some wine?Yes,just _.A.little B.very little C.a little D.little bit（）6.Is there _ in the room?No,I m the only p e
44、rson here.A.anyone else B.somebody C.everyone D.anybody（）7.Mr Zhang gave the text books to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them.A.the ones B.ones C.some D.the others（）8.Alice received an invitation from _ boss.A.he B.his C.her D.she（）9.These plants are watered _.A.each other day B.ever
45、y other day C.each of two days D.every of two days（）10.We couldn t eat in a restaurant because _ of us had _ money on us.A.all/none B.any/no C.none/any D.no one/any 四、数词一、基数词：表数目的词。基数词 112 one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve.基数词 13 19 thir teen,four teen,fif teen,sixteen,s
46、eventeen,eighteen,nine teen.基数词 20、3090 twen ty,thir ty,for ty,fif ty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety.非整十基数词2199 twenty-three,ninety-nine,fifty-eight,forty-four等三位数以上的，在百位和十位之间加and three hundred and thirty-three，one hundred and one 英语中没有“万位”，要借助“百、千”来表示five hundred thousand 注：1、带数名词的词组作定语时，数词后的名词应用单数。如：
47、a two-month baby,a five-pound ticket,a 108-page book 等。2、时间表达法：（1）直接表达法：按顺序先说钟点，后说分钟。（2）“过、差、半”表达法：过：指分钟数不到30 分钟时，用“分钟数+past+钟点数”结构表示，如：five past seven.差：指分钟数超过30 分钟，用“所差分钟数+to+(钟点数+1)”结构表示。如：5：45(fifteen to six或 a quarter to six).半：指刚好30 分钟，用“half+past+钟点”表示。如：half past twelve 3.（1）具体数字：five/six hu
48、ndred/thousand/（2）不确切的数目：hundreds/thousands/billions of 二、序数词：表顺序的词。序数词第 1第 3 first,second,third(1st,2nd,3rd)序数词第 4第 19 fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth,fourteenth,fifteenth,sixteenth,seventeenth,eighteenth,nineteenth(4th 19th)序数词第20第 90（整十）twenti eth,thirti
49、eth,forti eth,fifti eth,sixti eth,seventieth,eighti eth,nineti eth(20th90th)非整十序数词2199 twenty-first(21st),ninety-second(92nd),fifty-third(53rd),ninety-ninth(99th)等第一百a(one)hundredth 注：1、序数词与名词连用时，前面要用定冠词the 或形容词性物主代词，而且名词只用单数。如：the fourth bus,my second holiday.2、编号的表达：(1)既可用基数词，又可用序数词，但词序不同。如：Lesson
50、 Nine(=the ninth lesson),Page 50(=the fiftieth page),(2)有的编号习惯上用基数词。如：Room 321(读作room three two one)。3、日期表达法：年用基数词，日用序数词。如：May 1(st),1988(读作 May the first,nineteen eighty-eight)或 1(st),May,1988(读作 the first of May,nineteen eighty-eight)。4、分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。若分子大于1，分母应加-s。如：3/5(three fifths)典例（）1.Th