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1、译文：Electronics is the study of the flow of charge through various materials and devices such as semiconductors,resistors,inductors,capacitors,nano-structures and vacuum tubes.Although considered to be a theoretical branch of physics,the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practic
2、al problems is an essential technique in the fields of electronic engineering and computer engineering.This science starts about 1908 with the invention by Dr Lee De Forest of the valve(triode)Before 1950 this science was named Radio or Radio technics because that was its principal application.The s
3、tudy of new semiconductor devices and surrounding technology is sometimes considered a branch of physics.This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.Electronic systems are used to perform a wide variety of tasks.The main uses of electronic circuits are:The controlling and processing o
4、f data.The conversion to/from and distribution of electric power.Both these applications involve the creation and/or detection of electromagnetic fields and electric currents.While electrical energy had been used for some time prior to the late 19th century to transmit data over telegraph and teleph
5、one lines,development in electronics grew exponentially after the advent of radio.One way of looking at an electronic system is to divide it into 3 parts:Inputs Electronic or mechanical sensors(or transducers).These devices take signals/information from external sources in the physical world(such as
6、 antennas or technology networks)and convert those signals/information into current/voltage or digital(high/low)signals within the system.Signal processors These circuits serve to manipulate,interpret and transform inputted signals in order to make them useful for a desired application.Recently,comp
7、lex signal processing has been accomplished with the use of Digital Signal Processors.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 10 页 -Outputs Actuators or other devices(such as transducers)that transform current/voltage signals back into useful physical form(e.g.,by accomplishing a physical task such as rotati
8、ng an electric motor).For example,a television set contains these 3 parts.The televisions input transforms a broadcast signal(received by an antenna or fed in through a cable)into a current/voltage signal that can be used by the device.Signal processing circuits inside the television extract informa
9、tion from this signal that dictates brightness,colour and sound level.Output devices then convert this information back into physical form.A cathode ray tube transforms electronic signals into a visible image on the screen.Magnet-driven speakers convert signals into audible sound.Electronic devices
10、and components An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system whose intention is to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system.Components are generally intended to be in mutual electromech
11、anical contact,usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board(PCB),to create an electronic circuit with a particular function(for example an amplifier,radio receiver,or oscillator).Components may be packaged singly or in more or less complex groups as integrated circuits.Types of circuits Anal
12、og circuits Most analog electronic appliances,such as radio receivers,are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits.Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.The number of different analog circuits so far devised is hu
13、ge,especially because a circuit can be defined as anything from a single component,to systems containing thousands of components.Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers,modulators,etc.Good examples of analog cir
14、cuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers,operational amplifiers and oscillators.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 10 页 -Some analog circuitry these days may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve upon the basic performance of the circuit.This type of circuit is usually call
15、ed mixed signal.Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation.An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but puts out only one of two levels as in a digital circuit.Simil
16、arly,an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output.Digital circuits Main article:Digital circuits Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels.Digital circuits are the most comm
17、on physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers.To most engineers,the terms digital circuit,digital system and logic are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits.In most cases the number of different states of a node is two,represented by two voltag
18、e levels labeled Low(0)and High(1).Often Low will be near zero volts and High will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use.Computers,electronic clocks,and programmable logic controllers(used to control industrial processes)are constructed of digital circuits.Digital Signal Proces
19、sors are another example.Building-blocks:Logic gates Adders Binary Multipliers Flip-Flops Counters Registers Multiplexers Schmitt triggers Highly integrated devices:Microprocessors 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 10 页 -Microcontrollers Application-specific integrated circuit(ASIC)Digital signal proce
20、ssor(DSP)Field-programmable gate array(FPGA)Mixed-signal circuits Main article:Mixed-signal integrated circuit Mixed-signal circuits refers to integrated circuits(ICs)which have both analog circuits and digital circuits combined on a single semiconductor die or on the same circuit board.Mixed-signal
21、 circuits are becoming increasingly common.Mixed circuits are usually used to control an analog device using digital logic,for example the speed of a motor.Analog to digital converters and digital to analog converters are the primary examples.Other examples are transmission gates and buffers.Heat di
22、ssipation and thermal management Main article:Thermal management of electronic devices and systems Heat generated by electronic circuitry must be dissipated to prevent immediate failure and improve long term reliability.Techniques for heat dissipation can include heatsinks and fans for air cooling,a
23、nd other forms of computer cooling such as water cooling.These techniques use convection,conduction,&radiation of heat energy.Noise Main article:Electronic noise Noise is associated with all electronic circuits.Noise is defined1 as unwanted disturbances superposed on a useful signal that tend to obs
24、cure its information content.Noise is not the same as signal distortion caused by a circuit.Electronics theory Main article:Mathematical methods in electronics Mathematical methods are integral to the study of electronics.To become proficient in electronics it is also necessary to become proficient
25、in the mathematics of circuit analysis.Circuit analysis is the study of methods of solving generally linear systems for unknown variables such as the voltage at a certain node or the current though a certain branch of a network.A common analytical tool for this is the SPICE circuit simulator.名师资料总结-
26、精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 10 页 -Also important to electronics is the study and understanding of electromagnetic field theory.Electronic test equipment Main article:Electronic test equipment Electronic test equipment is used to create stimulus signals and capture responses from electronic Devices Under
27、 Test(DUTs).In this way,the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced and repaired.Practical electronics engineering and assembly requires the use of many different kinds of electronic test equipment ranging from the very simple and inexpensive(such as a test li
28、ght consisting of just a light bulb and a test lead)to extremely complex and sophisticated such as Automatic Test Equipment.Computer aided design(CAD)Main article:Electronic design automation Todays electronics engineers have the ability to design circuits using premanufactured building blocks such
29、as power supplies,semiconductors(such as transistors),and integrated circuits.Electronic design automation software programs include schematic capture programs and printed circuit board design programs.Popular names in the EDA software world are NI Multisim,Cadence(ORCAD),Eagle PCB and Schematic,Men
30、tor(PADS PCB and LOGIC Schematic),Altium(Protel),LabCentre Electronics(Proteus)and many others.Construction methods Main article:Electronic packaging Many different methods of connecting components have been used over the years.For instance,early electronics often used point to point wiring with com
31、ponents attached to wooden breadboards to construct circuits.Cordwood construction and wire wraps were other methods used.Most modern day electronics now use printed circuit boards(made of FR4),and highly integrated circuits.Health and environmental concerns associated with electronics assembly have
32、 gained increased attention in recent years,especially for products destined to the European Union,with its Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive(RoHS)and Waste Electrical and Electronic 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 10 页 -Equipment Directive(WEEE),which went into force in July 2006.名师资料总结-
33、精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 10 页 -电子产品是通过各种材料的费用，如半导体，电阻，电感，电容，纳米管的结构和真空设备流的研究。虽然被认为是物理学的一个理论分支，电子电路设计和建设，解决实际问题，是在电子工程和计算机工程领域的重要技术。这门科学开始对1908年的李代博士林阀门（三极管的发明1950年之前这一科学）被命名为“电台”或“无线电工艺”，因为这是它的主要应用。半导体器件的新技术研究和周围有时被认为是物理学的一个分支。本文的重点是电子工程方面。电子系统是用来执行各种各样的任务。电子电路的主要用途是：控制和数据处理。在转换/从和电力分配。这些应用都涉及建立和/或电磁场
34、和电流检测。虽然已经使用电能一段时间之前，19 世纪后期来传输电报和电话线路，在电子发展呈指数增长的数据后，广播的来临。一个在寻找一种方式是电子系统划分为3 个部分是：输入-电子或（或传感器）机械传感器。这些器件以信号/从物理世界（外部来源的资料，如天线或技术网络）的信号，并转换成系统内的电流/电压或数字（高/低）信号/信息。信号处理器-这些电路有助于处理，解释和变换输入信号，以使它们成为理想的应用程序非常有用。最近，复杂的信号处理已经完成了数字信号处理器的使用。输出-执行器或其他设备，如传感器（）的形式转化成有用的物质（电流/电压信号回例如，通过完成如旋转电动机的物理任务）。例如，一台电视机
35、包含这3 个部分。该电视的输入转换成电流/电压信号，可以通过该设备使用的广播信号（收到由美联储通过天线或电缆）。里面的电视信号处理电路提取这个信号最终的决定亮度，色彩和声音水平的信息。输出设备，然后这些信息转换成实物形式返回。阴极射线管可见光图像转换成一个电子信号在屏幕上。磁铁驱动喇叭声音信号转换成声音。电子设备及元件一个电子元件中的任何一个电子系统，其目的是要影响一个理想的方式与电子系统发挥应有的作用相一致的电子或相关领域的物理实体。组件一般拟在相互接触通常由机电焊接到印刷电路板（PCB）被，以创建一个具有名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 10 页 -特定功能（例
36、如放大器，无线电接收器或振荡器电子电路）。组件可以被打包单独或作为集成电路或多或少复杂的群体。电路类型模拟电路大多数模拟电子电器，如无线电接收机，是从基本的电路数种组合构建。模拟电路使用的电压范围，而不是连续的数字电路离散水平。到目前为止，制定了不同的模拟电路数量是巨大的，尤其是因为电路 可以被定义为从一个单一的组成部分东西，对系统包含数千个组件。模拟电路，线性电路，虽然有时也被称为许多非非线性效应在模拟电路中，如混频器，调制器，模拟电路等良好的例子包括真空管和晶体管放大器，运算放大器和振荡器。这些天的一些模拟电路可使用数字或什至微处理器技术来改善电路的基本性能。这种类型的电路通常被称为“混合
37、信号”。有时可能难以模拟和数字电路之间的区别，因为他们两个线性和非线性操作要素。一个例子是发生在比较的电压范围，但连续提出，只有一两个级别的数字电路为。同样，一过驱动晶体管放大器可以在受控制的两个具有本质上的产出水平开关的特性。数字电路主要文章：数字电路数字电路是一个离散电压等级的电路的数目。数字电路是最常见的布尔代数表示和物理是所有数字计算机的基础。对大多数的工程师中，“数字电路”，“数字系统”和“逻辑”是可以互换的数字电路中。在大多数情况下，一个节点的不同状态数是2，代表两个电压等级标记为“低”（0）和“高”（1）。往往是“低”将接近零伏，“高”将在更高的电源电压在使用不同的水平。计算机，
38、电子钟表，和可编程逻辑控制器（用于工业生产过程控制）是数字电路构造。数字信号处理器是另一个例子。建筑块：逻辑门加法器二进制乘法器名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 10 页 -触发器计数器寄存器多路复用器施密特触发器高度集成的设备：微处理器微控制器专用集成电路（专用集成电路）数字信号处理器（DSP）现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）混合信号电路主要文章：混合信号积体电路混合信号电路是指（集成电路），其中有两个模拟电路和一个单一的半导体芯片或同一电路板组合数字电路集成电路。混合信号电路正变得越来越普遍。混合电路通常用于控制一个模拟装置采用数字逻辑，例如，一个马达的速度。模拟到
39、数字转换器和数字到模拟转换器是主要的例子。其他的例子是传输门和缓冲区。散热和热管理主条目：电子设备和系统的热管理电子电路所产生的热量必须立即消散，防止故障和提高长期可靠性。散热技术可以包括散热器和空气冷却风扇，以及诸如冷却水冷却计算机的其他形式。这些技术的使用对流，传导和热辐射的能量。噪音主条目：电子噪音噪音是与所有的电子电路。噪音的定义1 作为一个有用的有害干扰信号，往往掩盖其信息内容叠加。噪音是不一样的电路引起的信号失真相同。电子理论主条目：电子数学方法数学方法是不可或缺的部分电子产品的研究。要成为精通电子产品，还必须成为在电路分析的数学精通。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-
40、第 9 页，共 10 页 -电路分析是解决未知的变数，例如在某一个节点或虽然电流电压一般线性系统的方法研究了一个网络中的特定分支。一个共同的分析工具，这是SPICE 电路模拟器。同样重要的是对电子产品的研究和电磁场理论的理解。电子测试设备主条目：电子测试设备电子测试设备，用于创建和捕获信号的刺激下由电子测试（待测物）设备的反应。在这种方式中，DUT 的正确操作可以证明或装置的故障可以追溯到和修缮。实用电子工程和组装需要的电子测试设备包括许多不同种类的使用非常简单，廉价的（如测试光只是一个灯泡和一个测试导线组成），以极其复杂和精密的设备，如自动测试。计算机辅助设计（CAD）主条目：电子设计自动化
41、今天的电子工程师们能够设计电路采用如电源供应器，晶体管等半导体（premanufactured建筑块），和集成电路。电子设计自动化软件方案包括原理图捕获程序和印刷电路板设计方案。在EDA软件世界流行的名字是NI Multisim中，Cadence公司（CAD）的，鹰PCB 和原理图，明导（策略和逻辑电路板原理图），Altium 的（PROTEL的），LabCentre电子（变形）和许多其他人。施工方法主条目：电子包装许多不同的连接组件的方法已被反复使用多年。例如，早期的电子产品通常用于点对点的连接线路，以木制面包板组件构建电路。考德伍德建设和包装线使用了其他方法。现在大多数使用现代电子印刷电路板（作出的FR4），高度集成的电路。健康与环境问题相关的电子组装取得了近年来的日益关注，特别是运往欧洲联盟的产品，其有害物质限制指令（RoHS）和废弃电气及电子设备指令（WEEE 指令），它生效了2006 年 7 月。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 10 页 -