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1、第八讲依据句子成分和结构突破定语从句_编者按：在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以 分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行 词的可以是一个词 通常是名词，也可以是代词，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。 引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先 行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。真题集训一一明考点一、语法填空常考点1. （2021 浙江1月高考）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool that/which
2、 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.2. （2020 全国卷HI） In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.解析：whose分析句子结构可知，artist后是定语从句，空处与其名词paintings之 间构成所属关系，应用关系代词whose。3. （2020 全国卷 I ）Because the moon，s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China
3、 first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.解析：where分析句子可知，spot后是定语从句，从句中缺少地点状语，应用关系副 词 whereo4. （2020 新高考全国卷 I ）The 80, 000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum op
4、ened in 1759.解析：which/that分析句子结构可知，the British Museum后是定语从句，从句中 缺少主语，指代先行词the British Museum,应用关系代词which/that。5. （2019 全国卷II）Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.解析：which分析句子结构可知，此处是一个非限制性定语从句，且关系词在句中替 代先行词the pet shop在
5、从句中作opened的宾语，故填关系代词whicho6. （2019 全国卷III）They were well trained by their masters had great experience with caring for these animals.解析：who分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词their masters, 且在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。7. （2019 浙江 6 月高考）On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.解析：t
6、hat/which分析句子结构可知，先行词是cloth,设空处引导定语从句，且在 从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which。二、短文改错常考点1. （2020 全国卷HI）Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.解析：whatf that I eat all the food这句话结构完整，不缺成分，后面的关系代 词引导定语从句，先行词是the food,其前有all修饰，只能用关系代词that。2. （2019 全国卷 I ）One a
7、fternoon where I was in primary school, I was walking by the school playground.解析：wherefwhen 分析句子结构可知，afternoon后为定语从句，先行词One afternoon表示时间，且关系词在定语从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导该从句。3. . （2019 全国卷 III） In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment what is created for them.解析：whatf
8、that/which分析句子结构可知environment后为定语从句，修饰先行词 the historical environment,先行词在定语从句中作主语，故将what改为that或whicho4. （2018 全国卷 I ）They also had a small pond which they raised fish.解析：which前加in或which-where 分析句子结构可知，they raised fish是定语 从句，其先行词为a small pond （一个小池塘），在定语从句中应该作介词in的宾语，或 者用关系副词where作地点状语。5. （2017 全国卷 H
9、）In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house.解析：that-which分析句子结构可知，此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不 能用that引导。语法精析一一知规那么-、关系代词关系代词先行词句法功能who人主语、宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略）、表语whom人宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略）whose ( = ofwhom/of which)人或物定语that人或物主语、宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略
10、）、表语which物主语、宾语（限制性定语从句中可省略）、表语as人或物主语、宾语、表语Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上, 等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.我的女儿总不在家，她的工
11、作需要经常出差。1 .关系代词that与which的用法(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词只用that。Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗？先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系 代词通常只用that,不用whichoThis is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是
12、我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。This is the only thing that we can do now.这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that,不用which。The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。定语从句出现在which或who引导的特殊疑问句中时用that。Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车？Who is the boy t
13、hat won the gold medal?赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用thatoThey secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。领先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中
14、作主语时，用that不用which引导。There is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可用。(2)只用which不用that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句。Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。This is the ho
15、use in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或局部概念。The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, which he remembers starting as early as his childhood.世界银行主席说他对中国有一种情结，他记得这种情结始于他的儿童时代。The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disapp
16、ointing. 结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。2 . which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别She married again, which was unexpected.whichas位置上只能放在主句的后面位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主 句后，有时还可插入主句中搭配上无动词的限制谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动 的动词，如 see, hear, know, expect, remember 等意思上意为“这一点”意为“正如，正像的那样她再婚了，这是始料不及的。She married again, as we expected.正如我们预料的那样，她再婚了。名师指津as引
17、导限制性定语从句常用于以下句式：such+名词+ as （像一样的，像之类的）；such pron.） +as （像一样的,像之类的）;the same +名词+ as （和同样的）。We have found such materials as are used in their factory. 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。二、关系副词关系副词先行词句法功能when表示时间时间状语where表示地点地点状语why表示原因原因状语（只引导限制性定语从句）It has set up a big stag
18、e for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.它为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn，t study hard.他考试失 败的原因是他学习不努力。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。名师指津领先行词为situation, case, stag
19、e, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关 系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。三、“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句构成句法功能用法指津名词（代词）+介词+关系代词主语可转化为“whose +名词”结构数词（形容词最高级）+of+关系代词主语数词还可以被 some, many, most, each 等不定代词替换介词（短语）+关系代词状语关系代词只能用which或whom且不能 省略，但可与关系副词互换介词+关系代
20、词+名词状语关系代词常用which和whose介词+关系副词状语有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词 where/when 刖加介词 from 或 toRecently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable. 最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。He has three cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever. 71也有三个表兄弟, 最小的那个很聪明。We are looking for the person to whom the book be
21、longs. 我们正在寻找这本书的主人。Lily might possibly come, in which case I 11 ask her.莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station. 我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。应用落实一一通方法一、单句语法填空1. （2021 昆明模拟）Up till now, the website has been continuously updated, which gives lovers of
22、the ancient language from all over the world free access to browse C刘览）in their free time.2. （2021 烟台月考）Then, inspired by his baseball coach, T. Williquette, and those who were active in charity, he decided to take action and help.3. （2021 金华联考）Theres nothing that wi 11 ruin your day faster than a t
23、raffic jam.4. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those whose lives were affected.5. In todays competitive economy, where everyone is trying to do more with less, youve got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning.6. Cultural shock is a feeling which/that most t
24、ravelers experience in a foreign country where they find the culture is quite different from that of their own.7. Tibet is such a place as all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.8. As is expected, these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.解题技法语法填空解题“3视角”
25、1 .解答此类考题，关键是找准先行词，分析句子结构，根据从句所缺的成分确定关系 词的使用。如果缺少主、宾、表或定语，需用关系代词；如果缺少状语，那么用关系副词或关 系代词thato确定所缺成分之后，再看先行词是人还是物，是表示时间的名词还是表示地 点的名词，是reason还是way等，从而最后确定答案。2 .假设先行词指人，“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中关系代词用whom,假设指物， 那么用whicho.牢记that与which, as与which的区别。二、单句改错1. （2021 平凉模拟）Last year, my parents took me to France, when I
26、was surrounded by foreigners, whenwhere2. （2021 抚州质检）Thirdly, sit on the seat behind the driver, that is the safest place in the car, thatwhich3. . I appreciated all the paintings, each of that was drawn by the students, thatf which4. Last week, I along with my classmates was asked to attend a lectu
27、re, the theme of what was environmental protection, whatwhich5. You 11 find taxis waiting at the bus station where you can hire to reach your host family, wheref which6. The settlement is home to nearly 1, 000 people, many of them left their village homes for a better life in the city, themwhom7. I
28、sat next to Hailey, that was my first friend there, that-who8. It is known to all, the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life. Itf As解题技法短文改错解题“3视角”1 .首先识别该句是否为定语从句，然后根据先行词的性质，判断关系词的使用是否正 确或缺失，并予以改正或添加。2 .根据关系词在定语从句中所作的成分来判断关系词的使用是否正确。作主、宾、表 语用 which/that/who/whom/as；作定语用 whose；作状语用
29、 when/where/why/that；作介词 宾语用 which/whomo3 .判断定语从句是非限制性定语从句还是限制性定语从句，从而判断句中关系词的使 用是否正确。三、高考写作佳句1. （2020 全国卷HI书面表达）它讲述了一个贫穷的卖花女孩如何变成一个能说一口流 利英语的美女。It tells how a poor flower girl turns into a fair lady who speaks fluent English.2. （2019 全国卷H书面表达）比赛定丁本周六下午在市体育场举办，比赛旨在帮助我 们与你的学校交流和增进友谊。The match is due
30、to be organised this Saturday afternoon in the citys stadium, whose aim is to help us comnnmicate with your school and improve our friendship.3. （2019 天津高考书面表达）我之所以喜欢西方音乐，是因为贝多芬的命运交响曲（Fate力。y）激励了我在困难中前进。The reason why I love western music is that the piece of eusic named Fate Symphony by Beethoven h
31、as inspired me a lot to move on when I am in difficulty.4. （2018 北京高考书面表达）上周，我们带着外国学生体验了正宗的（authentic）茶文 化，结果证明非常值得。Last week, we took the foreign students to experience the authentic tea culture, which turned out to be extremely rewarding.5. （2018 北京高考书面表达）它的中国文学专业对你来说是适合的，在那儿你可以完 全沉浸在中国深厚的历史和丰富的文化
32、中。Its Chinese literature major is perfect for you where you con be completely devoted to Chinese profound history and rich culture.四、用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空There was a time I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason 2 my father forced me to join in a 30-day trainin
33、g in an English club before I went to senior high school. When I first came to the club, 3 I met many strangers, I missed my parents very much. So I packed up my things and wanted to go home. Fortunately, my guide, 4 teacher was Yu Minhong, communicated with me face-to-face, from 5 I gained some use
34、ful instructions. He also showed me a good partner, and we got along well with each other. Gradually I adapted to the life there. Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6 we did. I should be grateful to my father and the guide, 7 encouraged me to fall i
35、n love with English. Now I feel it interesting to learn English, into 8 I put my entire energy. Every day I read my words and passages aloud. In class I join in English discussions. Before I go to sleep, I recall the passages, through 9 I can memorize a large number of new words. 10 our English teac
36、her says, “As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance, you will conquer English sooner or later.”语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章表达了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作 者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好 习惯。1. when句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There was a time when. “有一段时间”。2. why This is/was
37、the reason why. “这就是的原因”。3. where先行词是the club,关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。4. whose 先行词为 my guide,代入定语从句后为：My guides teacher was Yu Minhong. 由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用whose引导。5. which 先行词为 “my guide communicated with me face-to-facew ；先行词在定 语从句中作from的宾语，且介词from提前，故填which。6. that/which/不填 先行词是activities,且先行词
38、在定语从句中作宾语，故用that 或which引导或省略关系代词。7. who先行词为my father and the guide,关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”， 所以用who引导。8. which先行词为English,关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词into 已被提前，故填which。9. which每天入睡前我总是回忆所学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生 词。先行词为I recall the passages,关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介 词已被提前，故用which引导。10. As句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持 不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。非限制性定语从句置于句首，指代引号内直接引语的内容, 故需用as引导。