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1、第十一讲构词法编者按：正确运用构词法知识，是词汇学习的重要途径，同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重 要方法。英语中构词法主要可以分为派生法、转化法和合成法。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法 知识，不仅有助于提高考生对阅读中生词进行辨识的能力，更能够灵活运用到语法填空和短 文改错对于词性转换的考查当中。一、派生法在一个词的词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，即称作派生法。加 在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。表示否认意义的前缀不高兴的 不幸的不舒服的看不见的 不正确的 不精确的 不完全的不礼貌的 不可能的 不实际的违法的不规那么的 不负责任的1.(1)un- unhappy unfo
2、rtunate uncomfortable ininvisible incorrect inaccurate incomplete(3) im- impolite impossible impractical (4)il- illegal(5) ir- irregular irresponsible (6) non-一、前缀unusualunableunfitinconvenientinformal incurableimperfect immoralimproperillogicalirrelevant不同寻常的不能够的不合适的不方便的 不正式的 不可治愈的不完美的 不道德的不合适的不合逻辑
3、的不相关的non- stop不停的，不间断的non-profit 非营利的non-violent non-smoker dis- dislike非暴力的non-verbal非言语的不吸烟者non-professional非专业的不喜欢disappear消失deals.proper-* improperdisapprove不赞成disagreedishonest不老实的disorderdisadvantage 弊端，不利条件 2.表示其他意义的常见前缀(Da- asleep awake(2) en- enable enlarge(3)reretell reunite(4) mismisunder
4、stand misread(5) prepreview prehistoric (6)foreforehead forecast(7)overovereat overweight (8)interinternational interpersonal (9)transtranslate transform不同意 紊乱，混乱活着的使丰富 危及复习误导读前预言超额预订互动运输的睡着的 alive醒着的，清醒的使使能够 enrich扩大，使变大endanger再，又复述review团聚错误误解mislead误读在之前预习pre-reading史前的在前面前额foretell预测，预报过度的，过量的过
5、度食用 overbook超重 在之间，互相国际的 interact人际的转变，变换翻译transport转变，改造二、后缀1.形容词后缀 (l)-ywindy有风的sunny晴朗的dusty布满灰尘的lucky幸运的healthy健康的rainy多雨的(2)-lyfriendly友好的lovely可爱的deadly致命的lively活泼的daily每天的costly昂贵的(3)-alnatural自然的national国家的personal个人的formal正式的global全球的cultural文化的(4)-iveactive积极的attractive吸引人的effective有效的impr
6、essive印象深刻的(5)-ic/-icalhistoric有历史意义的energetic精力充分的historical历史的practical实际的(6)-ousfamous著名的dangerous危险的mysterious神秘的curious好奇的(7)-fulwonderful精彩的beautiful美丽的hopeful有希望的grateful感激的(8)- lesscareless粗心的homeless无家可归的helpless无助的endless无止境的(9)- sometiresome令人厌倦的troublesome麻烦的(10)- ablecomfortable舒适的accep
7、table可接受的reasonable合乎情理的adaptable可适应的(ll)-ibleterrible可怕的possible可能的accessible容易到达的，容易取得的responsible 负责的，有责任的2.名词后缀表示“人”的名词后缀-ercleaner清洁工reporter记者employer雇主，老板stranger陌生人-orinventor创造者actor演员visitor游客director导演editor编辑monitor班长-arliar说谎者beggar乞讨者，乞丐-eeemployee雇员interviewee参加面试者trainee受训者，学员-esshos
8、tess女主人waitress女服务员actress女演员-ianmusician音乐家politician政治家historian历史学家-istartist艺术家scientist科学家pianist钢琴家dentist牙科医生-antservant仆人participant参加者assistant助手，助理表示其他意义的常见名词后缀-thtruth真相strength力量，强项width宽度warmth温暖-domfreedom自由boredom无聊，厌烦wisdom智慧-mentdevelopment开展achievement成就amazement惊讶excitement兴奋(4)-n
9、esshappiness幸福weakness弱点kindness善良seriousness严重性-tion 或-sioncompetition竞争construction建设celebration庆祝organization组织discussion讨论decision决定conclusion结论，结束admission准许加入ance 或-enceacceptance接受distance距离importance重要性patience耐心silence沉默confidence信心appearance出现，相貌existence存在(t)ydifficulty困难loyalty忠诚cruelty残
10、忍safety平安responsibility职责,责任-alarrival到达approval赞成，批准survival幸存proposal提议，建议-urefailure失败pressure压力-ageshortage短缺marriage婚姻storage储存inghearing听力feeling感觉sufferings痛苦，苦难,折磨 greetings问候3.动词、副词后缀(1) - enwiden加宽deepen加深weaken削弱shorten缩短sharpen使变尖loosen松开(2)-izeapologize抱歉emphasize强调memorize记住realize实现(3
11、)-ifysimplify简化beautify美化purify净化terrify使惊吓(4)-lyslowly慢慢地happily高兴地extremely极其surprisingly令人惊讶地二、合成法把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法叫作合成法，以合成法构成的单词叫作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、叫作合成词，包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。1.合成名词 (1)名词+名词 newspaper birthplace 形容词+名词 greenhouse software(3)动名词+名词 waiting room(4)名词+动名词 handwriting 动词+副词
12、get-together (6)副词+动词 outbreak(7)代词+名词 he-goat报纸babysitter 保姆发源地firewood木柴温室highway公路软件等候室freezing point书法sunbathing日光浴联欢会breakthrough爆发output输出公山羊she-wolf母狼冰点突破(8)其他构成grown-up成年人passer-by 路人女婿son-in-law2 .合成形容词(1)形容词/数词+名词+edwarmheartedwarmhearted热心的absent-minded心不在焉的middle-aged中年的one- sided 片面的thr
13、ee-legged三条腿的(2)名词/副词+分词peace-lovingpeace-loving热爱和平的English- speaking 讲英语的snow-covered被雪覆盖的newly-built新建的(3)名词+形容词world-famousworld-famous世界著名的snow-white雪白的trouble-free无忧无虑的(4)形容词+名词part-timepart-time兼职的second-hand二手的large-scale大规模的(5)形容词十分词good-lookinggood-looking好看的easy-going随和的(6)数词+名词+形容词five-y
14、ear-oldfive-year-old五岁的200-meter- long 两百米的100-word-long100词的3 .其他合成词合成动词overcomeovercome克服oversleep睡过头经历undergo(2)合成副词afterwardsafterwards后来anywhere任何地方楼上upstairs合成介词outside在外边within在之内onto到之上三、转化法转化法是由一种词类转化为一种或几种词类的构词法。这种构词法词形没有改变，转化 后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。转化规那么例词名词f动词face (.脸f v.面对)name (.名字f v.命名)
15、water (.水浇水) back (.背支持) shoulder (/?.肩f v.肩负)动词f名词look (匕/.)看try (匕/.)尝试dream (匕/.)梦想 chat (匕/.)聊天形容词一动词empty adj.空的f匕倒空） slow （d4/.慢的f V.减慢） dirty （d口脏的f匕弄脏） warm （adj.暖的f匕使变暖）形容词一副词hard kadj.难的f乞血.努力） high （a4/.高的ad匕高） deep kadj.深的f ad匕深） wide adj,宽的f dd匕宽）注意：high, deep, wide 表示具体，而 highly, deepl
16、y, widely 表示抽象。应用落实一一通方法I.单句语法填空1. It is natural (nature) that young people are often uncomfortable (comfort) when they are with their parents.2. Todays experience taught me some valuable (value) lessons in my life.3. Obviously (obvious), the story is not true, but the festival is interesting.4. The
17、 sightseeing options are endless (end), but most travelers begin on the harbor at the Sydney Opera House.5. My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful (thought) young man.6. The high school boys love playing basketball, and it is a useful (use) way to release their st
18、udy pressure (press).7. When Bob was still young, his parents， marriage (marry) ended in divorce.8. A group of robbers entered the building using equipment (equip) to dig holes and destroy walls on Sunday night.9. His eyes were shut and he seemed to have fallen asleep (sleep).10. Ron had a successfu
19、l (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life.11. He encouraged (courage) me to be a writer (write) in the future.12. In the past few years, Lucy has formed the habit of keeping a supply of candles in case of a power failure (fail).13. I love children very much be
20、cause I always feel that they bring great happiness (happy) and excitement (excite) to my life.14. What points can be raised in defence (defend) of this argument (argue)?15. Only in this way can they grow up to be independent (depend) and become truly successful (success).16. Not knowing how to oper
21、ate the computer is one of the disadvantages (advantage) in finding jobs.17. News of the robberies frightened (fright) many people into fitting new locks to their doors.18. I think watching TV every evening is a waste of time, because there are more meaningful (meaning) things to do.19. Anyone, whet
22、her he is an official or a bus driver (drive), should be equally (equal) respected.20. Thankfully (thank), I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.II ,单句改错1. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks friend to people greeting him. friendf friendly2. I must be g
23、etting fat 一 I can hard do my trousers up.hardf hardly3. They dived deep into the forest and felt deep frightened.第二个 deep-deeply4. Personal, I don，t like him at all, but its strange that he should be so popular among the kids.PersonalfPersonally5. I wasnt blaming anyone; I mere said errors like thi
24、s could be avoided, merefmerely6. We apologized for any convenience caused by the delay.conveniencefinconvenience7. People with disabilities are now doing many things to rich their lives, richfenrich8. The five-years-old boy can sing the song very well, five-years-oldffive-year-old9. Australia is an English-spoken country. English-spokenfEnglish-speaking10. She looked anxious. It seems that she has been involved in proper business