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1、Lecture One Introduction to Translation I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students the history of translation To introduce the students the definiton of translation and its classification To help the students realize the importance of translation II.Important points:The defintion of translation
2、-cross-linguistic,cross-cultural,cross-social III.Time allotment:2 periods IV.Teaching procedures:1.lead-in A story in bible which told how important translation was in the world.2.The history of translation:five climaxes abroad,four climaxes at home 3.The definiton of translation:a.to turn from one
3、 language into another(The Oxford English Dictionary)b.to turn itno one s own or another language(Webster s Third New International Dictionary of the English language)4.The classification of translation Intralingual translation/interlingual translation Interpretation/translation 5.Preview 名师资料总结-精品资
4、料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 1 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Two Translation standard I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce variaties of theories about translation standard proposed by different scholars To help the students learn the basic principles in translating as beginnersII.Important points:Faithfullness and smoothness I
5、II.Difficult points Yan Fu:“信”,“达”,“雅”IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.Various theories:a.Geogre Campbell(English translator):The first thing.is to give a just representation of the sense of the original.The second thing is,to convey into his version,as much as possible,in a consist
6、ency with the genius of the language which he writes,the author s spirit and manner.The third adn last thing is,to take care,the version have at least,so far the quality of anoriginal performance,as to appear natural and easy.(Venuti,1995:75)b.Lefevere:1.That the translation should give a complete t
7、ranscript of the ideas of the original work.2.That the style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.3.That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.(Lefevere,1992b,128)c.严复：信、达、雅名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 2 页，共 23 页 -从严复本人对信达雅的解释来看，所谓“信”
8、是意义不倍（背）本文，即忠实。“达”指不拘泥于原文的用词造句，而尽译语言这能事以求语义明显，近乎通顺。“雅”则要求译文必须用“汉以前的字法句法”，故可求其尔雅。但他又主张“与其伤雅，毋宁失真”，除特殊情况外，似有过分强调文笔优美的倾向。2.Basic principles for beginners 概括起来，翻译要解决的根本问题有两个，一是“忠实”的问题，二是“通顺”的问题。所谓忠实，首先指要忠实于原作的思想内容，一般情况下，译者应把原作的思想内容完整而准确地传达出来，不得无端加以篡改、歪曲、遗漏或增删。这里所说的思想内容，通常指作品中所叙述的事实，说明的事理，描写的人物，以及作者在叙述、说
9、明、描写的过程中反映的立场观点，所流露的思想情感。忠实还指保持原作的风格。所谓通顺，是指译文语言必须通顺易懂，合乎规范。在翻译中，忠实与通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面，二者相辅相成，不可割裂。忠实而不通顺，读者看不懂，或者看不下去，忠实便失去意义，实际上就是不忠实；通顺而不忠实，读者看倒可能看下去，但是得到的是被歪曲的信息，其危害比忠实而不通顺还要严重。3.Example(E-C):a.The commuter dies with tremendous mileage to his credit.b.I was with my father on a business-and-pleasure
10、 trip.c.Size dont matter,chopping wood.4.From there I could see the whole valley below,the fields,the river,and the village.It was all very beautiful,and the sight of it filled me with longing.4.Preview and exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 3 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Three Literal translation/idiomatic tr
11、anslation(直译和意译)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce literal translation and idiomatic translationTo distinguish literal translation and idiomatic translationII.Important points:Difference between literal translation and idiomatic translation III.Difficult points Difference between literal translation
12、 and idiomatic translation IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.preview:faithfulness and smoothness 2.直译所谓直译(literal translation)并非完全不考虑英汉词义的不同和句式的差别去机械地进行词对词翻译(word-for-word translation),而是在考虑这些差异并照顾原文表达形式的前提下允许译者针对原文在短语层次上作必要的调整。换言之，在译文中既保持原文内容，又保持原文的形式，对原文的谴词造句、比喻形象一般不做大的变动，即使变动也是为了照
13、顾到译入语的规范和流畅。3.意译所谓意译也不完全是无拘无束的自由翻译(free translation)，而是在原文表达形式与译文表达形式发生矛盾时采用适当变通原文形式甚至改变原文形式的方法，使译文尽量符合译入语的表达习惯和原作的深层含义，从而读起来近乎用译入语直接写出的文本。4.区别名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 4 页，共 23 页 -实际上，直译意译只是在切分对应层次的单位大小上有区别，并无实质性的区别。前者以词和短语结构为基本对应单位，后者则扩大到瓬与句短以求得更大范围内的翻译对应值。5.Example实例a.But I hated Skamoto,and I had
14、 a feeling he d surely lead us both to our anlestors.b.Hitler was armed to the teeth when he lauched the second World War,but in a few years,he was completely defeated.c.Don t cross the bridge till you get to it.d.Do you see any green in my eye?e.To kill two birds with one stone.f.To shed crocodile
15、tears 6.Exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 5 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Four Domestication/foreignization I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students domestication and foreignizationTo help the students tell the difference between domestication and foreignizationTo help the students tell the difference b
16、etween literal translation and foreignization and the difference between idiomatic translation and domesticationII.Important points:Domestication and foreignization III.Difficult points Difference of two groups of concepts IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.preview:literal translation
17、 and idiomatic translation 2.异化与归化及区别异化和归化作为两个互相关联的对应概念，还是在翻译研究出现“文化转向”之后，于 1995年同美国翻译理论家劳伦斯韦努蒂在译者的隐形（The Translator s Invisibility）一书中提出的。异化法要求译者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者使用的原语的表达方式来传达原文的内容；而归化法则要求译者向译语读者靠拢，采取译语读者习惯的译语表达方式，来传达原文的内容。3.两组概念的区别名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 6 页，共 23 页 -从历史上来看，异化和归化可以视为直译和意译的概念延伸，但双不完全等同
18、于直译和意译。直译和意译所关注的核心问题是如何在语言层面处理形式和意义，而异化和归化则突破了语言因素的局限，将视野扩展到语言，文化和美学等因素。按韦努蒂的说法，归化法是“采取民族中心主义的态度，使外语文本符合译入语的文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化价值观，把原作者带入译入语文化”，而异化法则是“对这些文化价值观的一种民族偏离主义的压力，接受外语文本的语言及文化差异，把读者带入外国情景”。由此可见，直译和意主要是局限于语言层面的价值取向，异化和归化则立足于文化大语境下的价值取向，两者之间的差异是显而易见的。4.Example a.I supposed I should be condemned
19、 in Hareton Earnshaw s heart,if not by his month,to the lowest pit in the infernal regions.b.Unless you ve an ace up your sleeve,we are dished.c.High building and large mansion are spring up like mushrooms in Beijing.d.Each of us has his carrot and stick.In my case,the stick is my slackening physica
20、l condition,which keeps me from beating opponent at tennis whom I overwhelmed two years ago.My carrot is to win.5.Exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 7 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Five Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students the importance linguistic contrast st
21、udy in translationTo help the students acquire the rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to themII.Important points:The rules obtained from Semantic differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teachin
22、g procedures:1.The importance linguistic contrast study in translation 法国翻译理论家乔治穆南认为：翻译是一种艺术，但是一种“立于一门科学基础之上的艺术”，因为“翻译的许多问题，诸如翻译活动的正当性，可行性等基本问题，都可以从语言科学的研究中得到启示。”在这里，我们只要对英汉两种语言作一对比研究，就会发现翻译的一定的规律性，这种规律带人译者的启示，可能比任何技巧性的经验之谈来得更有价值。2.The rules obtained from Semantic differential of English and Chinese
23、 语义的差异a.完全对应，指英语的词语所表示的意义在汉语里可以找到完全对应的词语秋表达，两者在任何上下文中都完全相等地。这种完全对应的现象，只限于一些通用的科技术语和少数专用名词。如：aluminum铝，physics物理，pneumonia 肝炎，New York纽约，the Himalayas 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 8 页，共 23 页 -喜马拉雅山。英汉的普通词汇中，也有意义偶合的现象，这主要表现在一些通用的名词上，如hand 手，head 头，foot脚，bike自行车，airport机场等。b.部分或大部分对应：指译语词与原语词在意义上部分或大部分重叠，这
24、是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。如cat这个词，其本义是“猫”，英汉是对应的，但该词还有汉语所不具备的引申意义，如She is cat这句话，就不能译成“她是一只猫”，而应译成“她是一个心地狠毒的女人”。c.完全或大部分不对应：指英语中一些带有浓厚的社会文化、风土习俗色彩的词语，在汉语里找不到现成的对应词。以teenager一词为例，它本是“十三岁至十九岁的男女”的意思，但汉语中没有适当的对应，无论译成“十几岁的孩子”，还是译成“青少年”，概念都不尽吻合。The rule:英语的词义灵活多变，“一词多义”，“词无定译”。因此，译者在进行翻译时必须善于判断英语原文中词语的意义，选择恰当的汉语对应词
25、，做出恰当的翻译。Example:thing的含义1)I believed then that I would die there,and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below.2)The large mammalian brain is the most complicated thing,for its size.3)When I am finished,things will be precisely as they were before.4)Mr.Somervillea most delighful
26、man,to whom my debt is greatwas charged with the duty of teaching the stupidest boys the most disregarded thingnamely,to write mere English.5)What a fine thing for our girls!3.Exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 9 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Six Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives:To
27、 help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to themII.Important points:The rules obtained from morphology differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.词法
28、的差异综合型语言中，词与词的关系是靠词本身的形态变化来表现的。分析型语言中，词与词的关系并不是通过词开的变化，而通过词序或虚词（助词）等手段来表示的，如汉语。现代英语从古英语发展而来的，仍然保留着综合语言的某些特征，但已逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡，因而属于综合 分析型语言。现代英语的形态变化，主要指一些表示语法意义的屈折变化（inflection），包括性，数，格，时，体，语态，语气，人称，比较级等，虽然不像典型的综合型语言那样复杂，但使用起来也不简单。例如，英语的名词可以变数，变格，动词可以变时态，语态等。汉语没有这样的形态变化，但汉语所使用的量词，语气助词等，又是英语所没有的。因此，译者在作
29、英译汉时，就可以针对英语和汉语在词法上的这些区别，采取相应措施。一般说来，英语里有而汉语里无的表示法，翻译中不会给译者带来太多的麻烦；比较麻烦的是汉语里有而英语里无的表示法，初学者有时可能想不名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 10 页，共 23 页 -到去使用。先说时态问题。汉语虽然不靠形态变化来表示时态，但却有几类时态助词，这就是：（1）前置的时态副词（过去，曾经，已经，现在，正在，将要 ）；（2）附着的时态助词（过，着，了，起来 ）；（3）后置的时态语气词（了，来着 ）。译者应善于使用这些时态结构助词，来表示原文的时态意义。Examples:1)Mrs.Longs has
30、just been here,and she told me all about it.2)I was and still am working as an English teacher in the school.3)I would have asked why Mrs.Dean had deserted the Grange;but it was impossible to delay her at such a crisis,so I turned away and made my exit.4)“What was I talking of?”said she,beginning ag
31、ain when they were all in the street.5)“No,read it over first correctly,without a single mistake.”6).but to almost everybody she was a fine and picturesque country girl,and no more.7)The first point about chores is that they are repetitive.They come every day or thereabouts,and once they require aft
32、er a certain time to be done again.名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 11 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Seven Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives:To help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to themII.Important points:The rules obtained from Syntax
33、differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to the rules while translating IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.句法差异1)连词的翻译：英汉两种语言的句子在形式结构上有着明显的差异。这种差异最基本的表现，就是英语重形合，汉语重意合。具体说来，英语句子通常以主谓结构为主干，以谓语动词为中心，借助诸如分词，介词，连词，关系代词，关系副词之类的连接手段，把句子的其他各个语法成分层层搭架，呈现出由中心向外扩展的“分岔式”结构
34、；而汉语一般通过多个动词的连用或充水句形式，按照时间的先后顺序和事理推移的方式，把一件件事事交代清楚，呈现出一线形的“排调式”结构，一句话，英语是用“明示”手段，汉语是用“隐含”方式来表示各自的语法意义和逻辑关系。Examples:a.As we resumed walking I blurted out,“It s a lucky thing happened that way.You wouldn t have met Mother.”名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 12 页，共 23 页 -b.Ordered!Oh,everything is ordered when
35、a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid.2.语序的处理语序是值得我们关注的另一个句法情况。一般说来，英汉句子的主要结构“主，谓，宾（或表）”在词序上基本是相同的；所不同的是，英语由于有形态变化，语序相对灵活一些，如疑问句，感叹句，否定句，假设虚拟句和强调句等，都有一定的语序倒置现象。而汉语由于缺乏形态变化，语序相对比较固定，倒装句也比较少，只是有时为了加强语气，才把宾语提到谓语或主语前面。因此，把英语的倒装句译成汉语时，一般采取正常的“主，谓”结构，而宾语该提前的则提前。Examples:a.Not only did
36、we learn English parsing thoroughly,but we also pracitsed continually English analysis.b.Yet few knew,and still fewer considered this.c.A very important question(or a question of great importance)d.At an unprecedented speed(or at a speed unprecedented)3.exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 13 页，共 23 页
37、 -Lecture Eight Linguistic Contrast study in translation I.Teaching Objectives:To help the students acquire more rules obtained from linguistic contrast study and conform to themII.Important points:The rules obtained from thinking differential of English and Chinese III.Difficult points Conform to t
38、he rules while translating IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.思维的差异对于中国人和西方人在思维方式上的差异，专事法国文学翻译的大家傅雷是深有体会的。1957年，他在翻译体会的点滴一文中指出：“中国人的思想方式和西方人的距离多么远。他们喜欢抽象，长于分析；我们喜欢具体，长于综合。”20 世纪 60年代，他在写给罗新璋的信中又说：“东方人与西方人之思想方式有基本分歧，我人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘惟恐不尽，描写惟恐不周 ”（陈福康，1992：393）因此，中国人翻译英语
39、作品，必须学会使用英美人的思维方式，而不可抱着自己的思维方式不变。西方人喜欢抽象，中国人喜欢具体。英语中有许多概念抽象的词语，往往不宜原原本本地照实翻译过来，而需要经历一个“化抽象为具体”的过程，才能做到通顺易懂。名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 14 页，共 23 页 -另外，正因为西方人喜欢抽象，中国人喜欢具体的缘故，英语的句子常常用抽象名词或其他无生命的东西作主语，而汉语的主语却大多数是人或有生命的东西。英语喜欢用被动语态，这也是西方人喜欢抽象的一个表现形式。但汉语译文却不宜如法炮制，应适当改为主动语态。2.Examples:a.Jane was as much grat
40、ified by this as her mother could be,though in a quieter way.b.for what can be prettier than an image of love on his knees before Beauty?c.Phases of her childhood lurked in her aspect still.d.It is often said.that our seemingly great growth in social morality has oddly enough taken place where priva
41、te morality.seems to be declining.3.Exercises 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 15 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Nine Translation Skills(词法翻译技巧1)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to morphologyTo help them apply them to translating II.Important points:The basic skills
42、 of translation III.Difficult points The basic skills of translation IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.Explaination of the basic skills of translation a.Diction b.Conversion c.Amplification d.Omission 2.Examples:c.f.Chapter two of the coursebook 新理念商务英语专业翻译教程3.Exercises:c.f.the cours
43、ebook 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 16 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Ten Translation Skills(词法翻译技巧2)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students more basic translation skills concerned to morphologyTo help them apply them to translating II.Important points:The basic skills of translation III.Difficult points The
44、basic skills of translation IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.Explaination of the basic skills of translation a.Repetition b.Substitution c.Variation 2.Examples:c.f.Chapter three of the coursebook 新理念商务英语专业翻译教程3.Exercises:c.f.the coursebook 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 17 页，共 23 页 -Lectu
45、re Eleven Translation Skills(句法翻译技巧1)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to syntaxTo help them apply them to translating II.Important points:The ways of translating English negative sentences to Chinese III.Difficult points The ways of translating
46、English negative sentences to Chinese IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.英语否定句的翻译法1）全否定：对应法；正反、反正表达法2）部分否定：对应法；正反、反正表达法3）双重否定4）问名中的否定：将英语的否定形式译为汉语的否定形式；将英语的否定形式译为汉语的肯定2.否定意义的句型1）宾语从句的否定：否定转移2）某些词的否定意义3）某些的句型的否定3.Examples:c.f.Chapter four of the coursebook 新理念商务英语专业翻译教程3.Exercises:c.f.
47、the coursebook 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 18 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Twelve Translation Skills(句法翻译技巧2)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students more basic translation skills concerned to syntaxTo help them apply them to translating II.Important points:The ways of translating English attributive claus
48、es to Chinese III.Difficult points The ways of translating English attributive clauses to Chinese IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.定语人名的译法1）限定性定语从句2）非限定性定语从句2.状语从句的译法1）时间状语从句2）原因状语从句3）条件状语从句4）目的状语从句3.Examples:c.f.Chapter four of the coursebook 新理念商务英语专业翻译教程4.Exercises:c.f.the course
49、book 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 19 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Thirteen Translation Skills(句法翻译技巧3)I.Teaching Objectives:To introduce the students some basic translation skills concerned to syntaxTo help them apply them to translating II.Important points:The ways of translating long English sentences to Chinese
50、 III.Difficult points The ways of translating long English sentences to Chinese IV.Time allotment:2 periods.Teaching procedures:1.顺译法2.逆译法3.Examples:c.f.Chapter five of the coursebook 新理念商务英语专业翻译教程4.Exercises:c.f.the coursebook 名师资料总结-精品资料欢迎下载-名师精心整理-第 20 页，共 23 页 -Lecture Fourteen Translation of Bu